IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 44
se incluyen en los modelos operativos que se aplican habitualmente.
Las herramientas de funcionamiento en estado
estacionario no captan esa dinámica del sistema y dificultan
la toma de decisiones eficientes a tiempo. Para que la red
eléctrica nueva funcione de manera más eficiente y confiable,
es preciso explorar formas de estimar los estados dinámicos
de los generadores síncronos y las fuentes basadas en
inversores, además de los estados estáticos (las magnitudes
de tensión de los nodos y los ángulos de fase).
El segundo reto es la precisión del modelo. Debido a las
incertidumbres, los modelos se pueden desviar mucho de la
realidad. Es posible, por ejemplo, que algunos de los modelos
de los generadores no estén bien validados, lo que da
lugar a resultados muy imprecisos que no concuerdan con
las mediciones. A modo ilustrativo, en el apagón del 10 de
agosto de 1996 en el oeste de Estados Unidos, el modelo que
utilizaron los planificadores y operadores predijo la estabilidad
del sistema mientras éste sufría numerosas fallas en cascada
que provocaron un colapso rápido del sistema que ocurrió
en cuestión de minutos. El mismo fenómeno se observó
en el apagón de 2011 en San Diego. En la planificación y
el funcionamiento de la red eléctrica, muchas decisiones
dependen en gran parte de estudios de simulación estática
y dinámica derivados de modelos. En consecuencia, la integridad
de los modelos de sistemas eléctricos es fundamental
para garantizar un suministro confiable y económico de electricidad
a los consumidores.
La imprecisión de los modelos puede afectar de manera
significativa a los resultados de los estudios y llevar a conclusiones
que se desvíen de la realidad, arriesgando así los
diseños de los sistemas y afectando a la toma de decisiones.
Por este motivo, el Consejo de Confiabilidad Eléctrica
Nacional de Norteamérica (NERC, por sus siglas en inglés)
exige la validación y calibración de los modelos de grandes
generadores cada cinco años, con el objetivo principal de que
los resultados del modelo coincidan de forma razonable con
las mediciones registradas. Históricamente, la validación de
modelos y la calibración de parámetros se han llevado a cabo
mediante pruebas por etapas, lo que resulta muy costoso y
supone mucho trabajo. Con el reciente avance de las tecnologías
de los sincrofasores (PMU, por sus siglas en inglés),
es posible desarrollar enfoques avanzados de validación y
calibración para adaptar los modelos de red eléctrica a las
dinámicas nuevas utilizando las mediciones captadas durante
el funcionamiento.
El tercer reto es la calidad de los datos de medición. Los
datos erróneos en la medición pueden proceder de amplios
sesgos debidos a una calibración poco frecuente, fallas en los
instrumentos, ruido impulsivo en la comunicación o incluso
ciberataques. Los adversarios pueden acceder sigilosamente
©SHUTTERSTOCK.COM/METAMORWORKS
44
ieee power & energy magazine
enero/febrero 2023
http://www.SHUTTERSTOCK.COM/METAMORWORKS
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 4
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 5
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 6
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 7
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 8
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 9
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 10
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 11
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 12
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 13
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 14
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 15
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 16
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 17
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 18
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 19
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 20
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 21
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 22
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 23
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 24
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 25
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 26
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 41
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 42
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 43
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 44
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 45
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 46
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 47
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 49
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 50
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 51
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 53
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 54
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 56
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 57
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 58
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 61
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 62
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 63
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 64
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 65
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 66
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 67
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 68
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 69
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 70
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 71
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 72
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 73
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 74
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 75
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 76
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 77
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 78
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 79
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 80
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 81
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 82
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 83
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 84
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 85
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 86
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 87
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 88
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 89
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 90
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 91
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 92
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 93
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 94
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 95
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 96
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 97
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 98
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 99
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 100
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 101
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover4
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