IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 50

quisieran. Entre los participantes, el equipo del Laboratorio
Nacional del Noroeste del Pacífico obtuvo los resultados que
se muestran en la figura 6 y la tabla 1 mediante el enfoque
descrito anteriormente.
En la figura 6 se muestra el efecto de la calibración en uno
de los eventos. Las curvas azules representan las mediciones
del PMU, y las verdes y rojas son las curvas de salida del
modelo antes y después de la calibración del modelo, respectivamente.
Como puede verse en la figura 6, los desajustes
entre la salida del modelo y la medición se redujeron de
manera significativa tras la calibración del modelo.
En la tabla 1, se muestra el efecto de calibración del
modelo para los 12 eventos. El error cuadrático medio
(RMSE, por sus siglas en inglés) se utiliza como métrica para
cuantificar el desajuste entre la curva de salida y la curva de
medición. Un valor bajo de la métrica significa que el desajuste
es bajo y que la calidad del modelo es alta; en caso
contrario, el desajuste es grande y la calidad del modelo es
baja. Los números en negro son los valores de RMSE antes
de la calibración del modelo, y los de rojo son los valores de
RMSE después de la calibración del modelo. Como puede
verse en estos resultados, la calibración mejora de manera
significativa la calidad del modelo. (Los números en rojo son
mucho más reducidos que los números en negro).
La integridad de los modelos es esencial para la planificación,
el despacho económico y el funcionamiento de la red
eléctrica, sobre todo si se tiene en cuenta el comportamiento
cada vez más impredecible y dinámico de los sistemas eléctricos
modernos. Para cumplir mejor con los estándares de
la industria sobre la mejora de la integridad de los modelos (
por ej., los estándares NERC 26 y 27), la metodología integrada
y los conjuntos de herramientas de software pueden
validar sistemáticamente los modelos de estabilidad e identificar
y calibrar los parámetros problemáticos de los modelos
mediante mediciones PMU. El conjunto de herramientas se
ha probado en una central hidroeléctrica realista y ha demostrado
un éxito sobresaliente al mejorar en gran medida el rendimiento
del modelo. Como se sugiere en la directriz NERC
(Estándar MOD-026-1, Verificación de modelos y datos para
el sistema de control de excitación del generador o funciones
de control volt/var de la central), el enfoque de validación
y calibración basado en PMU puede reducir de manera eficiente
la frecuencia de las costosas pruebas por etapas del
generador.
Validación y calibración de datos
En esta sección, abordamos la detección del tipo de error
para diferenciar los errores de modelo de los errores de
medición y cómo tratar los errores de datos en las mediciones,
incluidos los ciberataques.
Detección del tipo de error
En esta sección, demostramos cómo diferenciar los errores
del modelo de los errores de medición a través de los desajustes
entre las salidas del modelo y las mediciones. Dado
50
ieee power & energy magazine
que los dispositivos de medición funcionan de forma independiente
en la red eléctrica, es razonable suponer que los
errores de medición de los diferentes dispositivos (o canales)

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Contents
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