IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 56
los días más fríos del invierno, debido al uso generalizado
de calefacción eléctrica. Mientras que la limitación de la
estabilidad transitoria es una característica de las centrales
eléctricas del norte, las oscilaciones entre áreas se desencadenan
por contingencias que debilitan las interconexiones
entre este y oeste en condiciones de carga pesada,
mientras que la estabilidad de la tensión y la cargabilidad
estática son las principales preocupaciones en el área de
Montréal (figura 2).
Dado que existen grandes desplazamientos angulares
entre las subestaciones de 735 kV separadas por grandes
distancias, Hydro-Québec se interesó por supuesto en el
monitoreo de la red eléctrica mediante mediciones sincronizadas
en el tiempo. Los ingenieros de la unidad denominada
Comportamiento de la red, que forma parte del departamento
de operaciones del sistema, instalaron dos dispositivos de
medición que diseñaron científicos del Instituto de Investigación
de Hydro-Québec (IREQ, por sus siglas en francés). Se
colocaron en la subestación de Arnaud (cerca de la ciudad de
Sept-Îles, QC, Canadá, en el noreste) y en la de Boucherville
(BCV), en el litoral sur de Montréal, a 800 km de distancia,
para seguir el desplazamiento entre ambas ubicaciones.
Estos dispositivos, instalados antes de los relés digitales y
de la difusión universal de la hora por GPS, utilizaban simples
medidores digitales sincronizados con la red de satélites
Loran-C para la navegación.
En una ponencia que se presentó en la reunión de verano
de 1977 de la IEEE Power & Energy Society, celebrada en
Ciudad de México (México), se explicaba este concepto de la
siguiente manera: " El ángulo de tensión en los nodos es una
de las variables de estado de un sistema eléctrico. Esta variable
está muy relacionada con el comportamiento de una red " .
Aunque la caracterización de la " tensión de nodos " como
variable de estado de una red eléctrica era un poco exagerada
(ya que hoy sabemos que es el ángulo del rotor del generador
el que debe desempeñar esta función, como se verá más
adelante), está bastante claro por el contexto que este primer
trabajo fue decisivo para establecer la necesidad tanto de la
tecnología PMU como de su aplicación a la estimación dinámica
del estado (DSE, por sus siglas en inglés).
Después de que el sistema de monitoreo primitivo descrito
anteriormente demostrara su utilidad en investigaciones
forenses de eventos de red, se implementaron tres generaciones
de sistemas de monitoreo de área amplia (WAMS, por
sus siglas en inglés) desde 1981 hasta 1998, basados en la
sincronización de tiempo del grupo B de instrumentación
Desviación estándar = 10 mHz
200
400
600
-400
-200
1 de enero de 2006 (12 a.m.) 1 de enero de 2008 (12 a.m.) 1 de enero de 2010 (12 a.m.)
(a)
10
5
1 de enero de 2006 (12 a.m.) 1 de enero de 2008 (12 a.m.) 1 de enero de 2010 (12 a.m.) 1 de enero de 2012 (12 a.m.)
(b)
Desviación estándar = 80 MW
1,000
2,000
-2,000
-1,000
1 de enero de 2006 (12 a.m.) 1 de enero de 2008 (12 a.m.) 1 de enero de 2010 (12 a.m.) 1 de enero de 2012 (12 a.m.)
(c)
figura 3. El registro de muestras del WAMS de Hydro-Québec a lo largo de ocho años. Gráfico de series temporales de
(a) la frecuencia en BCV, (b) la distorsión armónica en la subestación de Chateauguay (CHA) y (c) el error de control de
área (ACE).
56
ieee power & energy magazine
enero/febrero 2023
1 de enero de 2012 (12 a.m.)
Valor medio = 0.1 %
ACE(MW)
Distorción (%)
Desviación (mHz)
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 2
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover4
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