IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 60
Ideados durante mucho tiempo como garantes de la
seguridad de los flujos de energía y orquestadores del
mercado, los centros de control se deben transformar
ahora en gestores dinámicos de activos y redes.
tiempo se describe mediante la ecuación de oscilación de
segundo orden, que es un modelo de masa-resorte equivalente
capaz de predecir el ángulo del rotor y las oscilaciones
de energía eléctrica entre el generador y un nodo remoto
al que está conectado. En esta representación, los estados
son el ángulo y la velocidad del rotor del generador. En las
redes 4D, la hipótesis de desacoplamiento temporal ya no
es razonable, y también hay que tener en cuenta la respuesta
de un modelo eléctrico.
En la figura 5(a), se describe un sistema eléctrico multimáquina,
en el que cada generador se describe mediante
dos estados mecánicos y cuatro estados eléctricos. Conocido
como el modelo dinámico detallado en los estudios de estabilidad
transitoria, permite predecir y controlar los estados
del sistema en cualquier momento futuro. Los sistemas de
excitación y regulación introducen sus propios estados, con
frecuencia aproximados por el par de torsión mecánico y la
tensión de excitación del campo, lo que da como resultado un
total de ocho estados por generador.
Mientras que las variables de estado mecánicas se pueden
medir, aunque con un costo, las otras seis variables de estado
no. Tenemos que " estimarlas " y " observarlas " a partir de las
mediciones disponibles utilizando las ecuaciones no lineales
de estado y medición. Esta idea surgió por primera vez
en los años 70, cuando surgió el concepto de observación/
estimación del estado en la teoría de los sistemas de control
automático. Es posible que la red no fuera lo suficientemente
" dinámica " en aquel momento como para justificar
que la DSE [figura 5(b)] trabajara junto a la SE estática.
Tampoco se disponía de los sensores necesarios para estimar
Subestación o centro de control seleccionado
Valores
PDC
Todos los
valores
fasoriales
fasoriales
Controlador
Equipo de control
del sistema
eléctrico
Comandos
de control
Valores
fasoriales
SPDC
PMU
V, IV, IV, IV, I
PMU
Subestación 1
Nombre del actor
PMU
SPDC
PDC
Controlador
Equipo de control del sistema
PMU
Subestación 2
(a)
PMU
Subestación N
Descripción de la función
Calcula sincrofasores, frecuencia, ROCOF, ROCOV, RoCoTE, armónicos, etc.
Concentrador de datos de fasores de la subestación: recopila, alinea, selecciona y,
posiblemente, diezma los datos de varios PMUs de la subestación.
Concentrador de datos de fasores: recopila, alinea, selecciona y, posiblemente,
diezma los datos de varios PMUs u otros PDC.
Recibe datos del PDC local y ejecuta algoritmos que implementan funciones de control
Elementos de control del sistema eléctrico, incluidos disyuntores, interruptores, sistemas
flexibles de transmisión de CA, CC de alta tensión y equipos similares.
(b)
figura 7. Un caso de uso de control de área amplia basado en PMUs según la Comisión Electrotécnica Internacional
61850-90-5. (a) Sistema de monitoreo de área amplia de dos niveles. (b) Taxonomía de los componentes de un sistema
de monitoreo y control de área amplia.
60
ieee power & energy magazine
enero/febrero 2023
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 2
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 101
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover4
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