IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 62
En las redes 4D, la hipótesis de desacoplamiento temporal ya no
es razonable, y también hay que tener en cuenta
la respuesta de un modelo eléctrico.
los valores de los terminales con suficiente precisión para la
DSE. La tecnología PMU solo ha cambiado recientemente el
panorama lo suficiente como para cumplir los requerimientos
de la DSE.
Para calcular los estados, se utilizan las mediciones del
nodo terminal Vabc
y Iabc de la figura 5(b), junto con los valores
de referencia de potencia, frecuencia y tensión del EMS,
si se dispone de ellos. Los parámetros del generador, como la
inercia y la reactancia, también son necesarios para ejecutar
el algoritmo, que genera seis estados dinámicos, dos entradas
desconocidas (si procede) y dos índices de estabilidad transitoria
derivados de los estados dinámicos. Las entradas desconocidas
solo se calculan cuando los valores de referencia
de la potencia mecánica y la tensión de excitación no están
disponibles debido a problemas de detección, entre otros.
Requerimientos PMU para DSE
La DSE se construye sobre los PMUs, que utilizan un algoritmo
desconocido del fabricante. Cuando la frecuencia se
acerca a la nominal, las mediciones parecen muy correctas.
Cuando la frecuencia se desvía, los PMUs de los diversos
fabricantes tendrán errores diferentes. Es preciso seguir traDesviación
de la velocidad del rotor frente a
la frecuencia del nodo terminal
0.2
0.4
Rotor Speed Deviation
Bus Frequency Deviation
51015
0.2
0.4
51015
0.2
0.4
0.6
51015
Tiempo (s)
(a)
-5
5
51015
Tiempo (s)
Desplazamiento del ángulo del rotor
Desplazamiento del ángulo de fase del nodo
(b)
figura 9. La DSE de un modelo de red idealizado de Hydro-Québec: las desviaciones de la velocidad y el ángulo del
rotor no son la frecuencia de tensión de los nodos ni los ángulos de fase. (a) Velocidad de los rotores de La Grande 2
(LG2), Montréal (MTL) y Manicouagan (MAN) en función de la frecuencia del nodo. (b) Los desplazamientos angulares
entre MTL y LG2 y MAN.
62
ieee power & energy magazine
enero/febrero 2023
bajando para establecer una manera estándar de calcular los
fasores en diversas condiciones en términos de variaciones
de frecuencia, transitorios e incertidumbre de temporización,
que se traducen directamente en incertidumbres sobre
los resultados DSE derivados de los PMUs. Ahora bien, los
últimos estándares de PMUs del IEEE, publicados en 2014,
reforzaron los requerimientos en transitorios, aunque los
PMUs heredados que no cumplen con el proceso de conformidad
del IEEE están aquí para quedarse.
A principios de la década de 2010, Hydro-Québec publicó
los requerimientos de PMU para los controles estabilizadores
de área amplia basados en DSE tras realizar una evaluación
interna basada en pruebas de tres proveedores. Se instalaron
cuatro PMUs del lotes, como en la figura 2, en el marco de un
proyecto piloto de sistema de control de área amplia (WACS,
por sus siglas en inglés). Durante 12 meses no se observó ninguna
pérdida de paquetes. Pero con una frecuencia de notificación
de 60 Hz, algunos PMUs sufrieron desajustes de sincronización
de una media de 0.05 ms. La desviación estándar
cuádruple del retardo de ida y vuelta entre los PDC de subestación
(SPDC, por sus siglas en inglés) de Eaton y el PDC
centralizado fue inferior a 16 ms. Esta última cifra se redujo a
Desplazamiento del ángulo del rotor frente al desplazamiento
del ángulo de fase de la tensión del nodo
10
-10
51015
10
MAN (Hz)
MTL (Hz)
LG2 (Hz)
MAN-MTL (°)
LG2-MTL (°)
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover3
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