IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 74

protección y suponiendo un sistema de 50 Hz, esto significa
que el periodo de muestreo es de 250 μs. Dado que un relé
debe funcionar en tiempo real, esto significa que el análisis
de DSE se debe completar en 250 μs. En nuestro caso,
al utilizar la integración cuadrática, DSE se ejecuta una vez
por cada dos conjuntos sucesivos de muestras. En este caso,
el análisis de la estimación de estado se debe completar en
500 μs. Este tiempo se reduce a 416 μs para los sistemas de
60 Hz. Hoy en día esto es posible, suponiendo que el código
se haya optimizado y se utilice un microprocesador de última
tecnología. A modo de ejemplo, en la figura 3 se muestra una
captura de la ejecución de DSE y se observa que los análisis
se realizan en el 25 % del tiempo disponible.
Asimismo, hay que destacar que, en función de la topología
del área de protección, además de las mediciones reales,
se pueden añadir mediciones virtuales, derivadas y seudomediciones
para aumentar el conjunto de mediciones y mejorar
el rendimiento de DSE. En los sistemas P&C heredados es
habitual utilizar sistemas de protección primarios y de reserva
para aumentar la confiabilidad. La misma práctica se puede
aplicar al ESB. Se recomienda utilizar sistemas paralelos
redundantes en plataformas informáticas separadas por motivos
de confiabilidad.
Modelo de canal de instrumentación
Una cuestión importante para el rendimiento del ESB es
la precisión de los datos. Específicamente, las MU son, en
general, equipos de mayor precisión en comparación con
los valores comunicados a través de los típicos sistemas
de control y adquisición de datos (SCADA, por sus siglas
en inglés) o relés de protección. Las MU proporcionan
mediciones sincronizadas en el tiempo con una precisión
mejor que 1 μs y una exactitud de magnitud mejor que el
0.1 % de la forma de onda de entrada. Este rendimiento no
se consigue en una instalación real en campo porque las
MU reciben entradas de transformadores de instrumentos,
sobre cables de control y otros subsistemas, que introducen
errores mucho mayores que la precisión de una MU típica.

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 2
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover4
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