IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 77

de la eficiencia computacional. En las siguientes secciones,
se proporciona la definición de los estados, el modelo
matemático de los dispositivos, el modelo genérico de las
mediciones y el algoritmo de solución.
Definición de los estados
El estado del DSE se define como la información mínima
que describe completamente las condiciones de funcionamiento
de la subestación. El DSE utiliza los estados dinámicos
de los fasores de tensión, así como otras magnitudes
como la velocidad del rotor del generador, los enlaces de
flujo magnético, la potencia mecánica y otra información
para representar las condiciones de funcionamiento del sistema.
Es decir, todos los estados son funciones del tiempo
y satisfacen las ecuaciones del modelo, que pueden ser una
combinación de ecuaciones algebraicas y diferenciales.
Los estados de tensión de cada nodo trifásico se definen
con un conjunto de cuatro elementos que representan las
tensiones de las tres fases y el neutro. El estado se extiende
para incluir estados internos de todos los dispositivos, por
ejemplo, el ángulo de par de torsión y la velocidad del rotor
de un generador o el enlace de flujo magnético de un transformador.
Además, el estado del sistema también incluye
los estados de los nodos en los otros extremos de las líneas/
circuitos conectados a la subestación. La ilustración conceptual
del estimador de estado dinámico y la definición de
estado se muestran en la figura 5. La mejor estimación de
las variables de estado se obtiene utilizando las mediciones
IRIG-B
Reloj GPS
16:03:17
Fibras ópticas dobles
(SV + PTP)
MU
USI 9000
USI 9000
Computadora de
nodo de estación
Amplificadores Omicron
Ethernet
Conmutador Ethernet 2
Nodo de estación
Computadora de
simulación del
sistema eléctrico
Ethernet
Banco de convertidores D/A
figura 7. Configuración del equipo de laboratorio. SV: valor de la muestra; PTP: protocolo de tiempo de precisión.
enero/febrero 2023
ieee power & energy magazine
77
Nodo de proceso
Conmutador Ethernet 1
DFR
Ethernet
Computadora de
nodo de proceso
y los modelos correspondientes solo en la subestación local
para evitar los requerimientos de telemedición.
Conjunto de mediciones, cuadratización,
integración cuadrática y modelo de medición
El conjunto de mediciones para el DSE de la subestación
comprende 1) mediciones de fasores de tensión e intensidad
sincronizadas con GPS y 2) mediciones tradicionales no sincronizadas
(magnitud de tensión, flujos de línea activos y
reactivos e inyecciones en el nodo, y otros datos SCADA
estándar). Además de las mediciones reales, el conjunto de
mediciones del DSE de la subestación se complementa con
Calidad de la estimación del estado
1 k
100
10
1
100 m
0204060
Nivel de confianza
80 100
figura 6. Una prueba chi-cuadrado en función de la
variable de normalización k frente al nivel de confianza.
Señales analógicas de tensión y corriente
Parámetro k
Ethernet

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023

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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover1
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover3
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