IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - 80

una constante de normalización k. La variable k se define
del siguiente modo: si es 1.0, entonces la desviación
típica de cada error de medición es igual a la precisión
del medidor con el que se obtuvo esta medición. Si es
diferente de 1.0, entonces la desviación típica del error
de medición es igual a la precisión del medidor multiplicada
por k. La introducción de la variable k permite
caracterizar la precisión de la estimación del estado con
una sola variable. En la figura 6, se muestra un informe
típico de DSE en forma de gráfico de la variable k frente
al nivel de confianza (probabilidad). Esto equivale a proporcionar
el error esperado (que es igual a la variable k
multiplicada por la desviación típica de la precisión del
medidor) frente a la probabilidad (nivel de confianza).
Obsérvese que, con un nivel de confianza del 80 %, el
valor de k es 0.6. Esto significa que la estimación del
estado es, por término medio, un 60 % más precisa que
la precisión de las mediciones brutas.
Pruebas de hipótesis
Cuando DSE detecta una anomalía mediante la prueba
chi-cuadrado, es necesario determinar la causa principal de
la anomalía. Existen tres posibilidades:
✔ Existen una o varias fallas eléctricas en el sistema.
✔ Existen una o varias fallas de protección (fallas ocultas,
ciberataque, falla de instrumentación, etc.).
90
120
150
60
30
150
120
✔ Se producen alteraciones y fallas de protección simultáneamente.
En
un principio, hay que tener en cuenta los siguientes
posibles eventos:
✔ Se produce una falla en la protección.
✔ Se produce una o varias fallas eléctricas en un área de
protección.
✔ Se produce un área de protección con fallo y una falla
de protección simultáneamente.
El análisis de hipótesis comienza con estas tres hipótesis,
probadas en secuencia; si ninguna resulta positiva, hay que
considerar otros posibles eventos. La prueba de la hipótesis
se guía por las siguientes observaciones:
✔ A nivel de subestación, la redundancia es elevada (más
del 2,000 %). Esto implica que la posibilidad de apalancar
puntos es remota y, por lo tanto, los residuos
normalizados del estimador de estado se pueden utilizar
como orientación de dónde se encuentra el problema.
Los puntos de apalancamiento son mediciones que
son malas, pero muestran un residuo muy pequeño, lo
que hace que su detección sea mucho más compleja.
✔ El sistema está en funcionamiento continuo. Esto
implica que todo evento anormal se captará en
tiempo real. Hay que tener en cuenta que la probabilidad
de que ocurran fallas simultáneas justo al
mismo tiempo es baja. Por esta razón, las hipótesis
90
60
30
180
180
210
330
240
300
15 de sept. de 2021-14:50:00.014619
V2_A_MASSENA
V2_A_MARCY
V2_B_MASSENA
V2_B_MARCY
V2_C_MASSENA
V2_C_MARCY
440.3 kV
439.1 kV
434.3 kV
439 kV
431.6 kV
437.3 kV
-15.54°
-28.2°
-137.55°
-148.67°
103.4°
91.52°
210
240
300
15 de sept. de 2021-14:50:00.014619
I3_A_MASSENA
I3_A_MARCY
I3_B_MASSENA
I3_B_MARCY
I3_C_MASSENA
I3_C_MARCY
1,222.3 A
1,228.6 A
1,272 A
1,248.3 A
1,228.4 A
1,173.9 A
figura 11. Una captura de los datos del relé EBP para una línea de 765 kV y 133 millas.
80
ieee power & energy magazine
enero/febrero 2023
-10.53°
154.71°
-133.44°
30.56°
104.3°
-90.43°
330
Vc
Vc
Ia
Va
Va
Vb
Ib
Vb
Ic
Ib
Ia
Ic

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover2
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - January/February 2023 - Cover3
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