Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 106
En 2016, se instaló un CB híbrido de CC de 200 kV en la
estación Dinghai en la línea Dinghai a Daishan, lo cual hizo que
el sistema fuera más confiable y fácil de controlar.
de falla en la dirección positiva, pero esta topología de CB de
CC puede interrumpir a la corriente de falla en CC de manera
similar en la dirección negativa. Sin embargo, debido a que
la carga del condensador C 1 es unipolar, las respuestas en
la dirección negativa serán ligeramente diferentes y el estrés
sobre los componentes podría ser mayor.
CB híbridos de CC
Topología
El gráfico 4 muestra una topología representativa para un
CB híbrido de CC, que consta de lo siguiente.
1) Se incluye una rama principal que tiene dos válvulas
semiconductoras de 400 kV, T2A y T2B (una para cada
dirección). Para protección en una sola dirección, solamente se necesitaría una válvula. Cada válvula es
similar a un brazo de un convertidor VSC de HVdc
(de seis brazos). Esta rama puede conducir la corriente
de carga en un estado cerrado, pero las pérdidas serían
altas con un funcionamiento prolongado.
2) Una rama auxiliar tiene una baja resistencia y conduce
la corriente de carga completa en el estado cerrado.
Esta rama incluye
✔ una válvula semiconductora de baja tensión (LV,
por sus siglas en inglés) T1, también llamada inte-
Estación Yangshan
100 MW
Estación Sijiao
100 MW
rruptor de carga conmutada, el cual debería tener
una tensión nominal comparable a la caída de tensión en estado cerrado de la válvula T2 (es decir, en
el orden de los 10 kV)
✔ un interruptor de desconexión ultrarrápido S 1, que
no puede soportar la formación de arcos (solamente puede abrir a corriente cero), pero tiene una
velocidad de apertura sumamente rápida (se han
hecho importantes avances tecnológicos recientemente usando excitadores de bobinas Thomson y
se ha demostrado una velocidad de apertura de 2
ms para las unidades de 320 kV)
3) absorbente de energía SA, el cual consiste en protectores de sobretensión
4) disyuntor residual S 2, el cual solo interrumpe la corriente de fuga del protector y cuya velocidad de apertura no es vital.
L cc es un inductor que limita la corriente.
La válvula de LV T1 conduce la corriente de carga continuamente y debe soportar la corriente de falla en el período
antes de que el relé de protección envíe la señal de disparo.
En la práctica, esta válvula incluye varias ramas paralelas,
cada una de las cuales tiene algunos transistores bipolares de
puerta aislada (IGBT, por sus siglas en inglés) en serie. Debido
al estrés por la conducción continua, esta válvula necesita un
sistema de enfriamiento de líquido forzado. La válvula principal T2 conduce la corriente de falla por solamente cerca de
2 ms. Por lo tanto, no necesita una refrigeración líquida. Sin
embargo, todo el CB híbrido de CC debe ubicarse en el interior
(en una sala de válvulas) similar a cualquier gran convertidor.
Principios operativos
32 km
39 km
Disyuntor de
CC
46 km
17 km
Estación Dinghai
400 MW
Estación Daishan
300 MW
Estación Qushan
100 MW
gráfico 6. Un diagrama que muestra el sistema de transmisión de HVdc de cinco terminales en Zhoushan con el
CB híbrido de CC instalado.
106
ieee power & energy magazine
El gráfico 5 presenta una falla de CC en un sistema de CC
de 400 kV interrumpido por un CB híbrido de CC que usa
un inductor de serie de 76 mH (L cc). La falla se produce en
t = 0 s , y los picos de corriente en 15 kA. El gráfico 5(b)
muestra que S 1 comienza a abrirse cuando la corriente se
transfiere a T2 y I T1 cae a cero. Se requieren 2 ms para que S 1
se abra completamente mientras T2 está conduciendo. Una
vez que S 1 está abierto, la corriente se conmuta al absorbente
de energía abriendo T2 . A medida que la corriente se conmuta a los protectores de tensión, su tensión aumenta a 1.5 p.
u., lo cual inicia la supresión de la corriente. La corriente de
falla tarda otros 5 ms en caer a cero, como se ve en el gráfico
5(a). El gráfico 5(d) muestra que la disipación de energía total
esperada (en este caso, E SA) es igual a 21 MJ.
mayo/junio 2019
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019
Contents
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover1
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover2
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Contents
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Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover3
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover4
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