Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 114
con costos de producción más altos. Para mantener niveles
aceptables de corrientes de cortocircuito, las redes malladas
de subtransmisión en HV y transmisión principal de EHV de
lazo cerrado tendrían que operar bajo configuraciones radiales y divididas, resultando en una menor flexibilidad y confiabilidad. En situaciones sin un soporte adecuado de tensión
y potencia reactiva proveniente de la generación local, la red
eléctrica urbana podría estar expuesta a riesgos de colapso
de tensión y apagones cuando el sistema experimenta eventos extremos.
Una de las principales limitaciones para la expansión
de la red es la escasez de recursos de terreno urbano, lo
que a menudo dificulta en gran medida las expansiones
que requieren la construcción de nuevos circuitos o nuevas
subestaciones. Las mejoras favorables del sistema utilizan
tecnologías de transmisión avanzadas para aumentar efectivamente la flexibilidad operativa de la capacidad de suministro y el uso de la infraestructura de red actual. Otro desafío es la necesidad de optimizar las soluciones de expansión
para abordar múltiples problemas. Como se muestra en el
gráfico 2, las necesidades de expansión pueden requerir la
expansión de capacidad de línea de interconexión en el área
de carga y una compensación dinámica de energía reactiva
en lugares críticos para cumplir con los criterios de contingencias N-1 o N-1-1. Podrían necesitarse dispositivos de
control de flujo de potencia para mitigar los problemas de
flujo de lazo cerrado, especialmente entre las redes de transmisión y subtransmisión.
Opciones tecnológicas
para expansión de redes
Para abordar los problemas de expansión de la red, las
empresas de servicios públicos eléctricos tienen la opción
de instalar:
✔ nuevos circuitos o actualizar los existentes para mitigar las sobrecargas de circuitos
✔ nuevos transformadores o actualizar los existentes
para mitigar las sobrecargas de subestaciones
✔ transformadores de cambio de fase (PST, por sus siglas en inglés), también conocidos como reguladores
por ángulo de fase (PAR, por sus siglas en inglés),
transformadores Sen (ST, por sus siglas en inglés) y
transformadores de frecuencia variable (VFT, por sus
siglas en inglés), para controlar el flujo de energía activa en redes malladas
✔ dispositivos de compensación de energía reactiva,
como reactores en derivación o baterías de consensadores, y compensadores estáticos VAR (SVC, por
sus siglas en inglés) o compensadores síncronos estáticos (STATCOM, por sus siglas en inglés) para la
regulación de la tensión y la mejora de la calidad de
la energía.
Los PST contienen cambiadores de tomas bajo carga para
insertar tensión adicional en serie con la relación de transformación normal. Los PST se han utilizado ampliamente
en las redes urbanas de transmisión y subtransmisión para
controlar los flujos de energía y así evitar la congestión o
mantener los flujos de energía deseados entre áreas de carga
Sistema externo
Problemas con el
flujo de bucle
Sobrecarga térmica
Área de carga B
Área de carga A Área de carga B
Sistema
externo
~
~
Área de carga A
Violaciones
de tensión
~
~
~
~
Sistema
externo
~
~
~
Área de carga C Área de carga D
Sistema externo
Subestación de transmisión
Circuito EHVac
Subestación de distribución
Circuito HVac
~ Local Generation
~
Área de carga C
~
~
Área de carga D
Subestación de transmisión
Circuito EHVac
Subestación de distribución
Circuito HVac
~ Generación local
gráfico 1. Las redes eléctricas urbanas normalmente están
divididas en múltiples áreas de carga (también conocidas
como zonas de carga o distritos de carga) por empresas de
servicios públicos eléctricos para mayor comodidad en la
planificación y operación del sistema.
114
ieee power & energy magazine
gráfico 2. Las soluciones de expansión de red optimizadas son necesarias para abordar múltiples mejoras de la
red (expansión de capacidad, soporte de tensión dinámica
y control de flujo de energía de la red).
mayo/junio 2019
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019
Contents
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover1
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover2
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Contents
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 2
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 3
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Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover3
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover4
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