Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 114

con costos de producción más altos. Para mantener niveles
aceptables de corrientes de cortocircuito, las redes malladas
de subtransmisión en HV y transmisión principal de EHV de
lazo cerrado tendrían que operar bajo configuraciones radiales y divididas, resultando en una menor flexibilidad y confiabilidad. En situaciones sin un soporte adecuado de tensión
y potencia reactiva proveniente de la generación local, la red
eléctrica urbana podría estar expuesta a riesgos de colapso
de tensión y apagones cuando el sistema experimenta eventos extremos.
Una de las principales limitaciones para la expansión
de la red es la escasez de recursos de terreno urbano, lo
que a menudo dificulta en gran medida las expansiones
que requieren la construcción de nuevos circuitos o nuevas
subestaciones. Las mejoras favorables del sistema utilizan
tecnologías de transmisión avanzadas para aumentar efectivamente la flexibilidad operativa de la capacidad de suministro y el uso de la infraestructura de red actual. Otro desafío es la necesidad de optimizar las soluciones de expansión
para abordar múltiples problemas. Como se muestra en el
gráfico 2, las necesidades de expansión pueden requerir la
expansión de capacidad de línea de interconexión en el área
de carga y una compensación dinámica de energía reactiva
en lugares críticos para cumplir con los criterios de contingencias N-1 o N-1-1. Podrían necesitarse dispositivos de
control de flujo de potencia para mitigar los problemas de
flujo de lazo cerrado, especialmente entre las redes de transmisión y subtransmisión.

Opciones tecnológicas
para expansión de redes
Para abordar los problemas de expansión de la red, las
empresas de servicios públicos eléctricos tienen la opción
de instalar:
✔ nuevos circuitos o actualizar los existentes para mitigar las sobrecargas de circuitos
✔ nuevos transformadores o actualizar los existentes
para mitigar las sobrecargas de subestaciones
✔ transformadores de cambio de fase (PST, por sus siglas en inglés), también conocidos como reguladores
por ángulo de fase (PAR, por sus siglas en inglés),
transformadores Sen (ST, por sus siglas en inglés) y
transformadores de frecuencia variable (VFT, por sus
siglas en inglés), para controlar el flujo de energía activa en redes malladas
✔ dispositivos de compensación de energía reactiva,
como reactores en derivación o baterías de consensadores, y compensadores estáticos VAR (SVC, por
sus siglas en inglés) o compensadores síncronos estáticos (STATCOM, por sus siglas en inglés) para la
regulación de la tensión y la mejora de la calidad de
la energía.
Los PST contienen cambiadores de tomas bajo carga para
insertar tensión adicional en serie con la relación de transformación normal. Los PST se han utilizado ampliamente
en las redes urbanas de transmisión y subtransmisión para
controlar los flujos de energía y así evitar la congestión o
mantener los flujos de energía deseados entre áreas de carga

Sistema externo

Problemas con el
flujo de bucle
Sobrecarga térmica
Área de carga B

Área de carga A Área de carga B
Sistema
externo

~
~

Área de carga A

Violaciones
de tensión

~

~

~
~

Sistema
externo

~

~

~
Área de carga C Área de carga D
Sistema externo
Subestación de transmisión

Circuito EHVac

Subestación de distribución

Circuito HVac

~ Local Generation

~
Área de carga C

~
~
Área de carga D

Subestación de transmisión

Circuito EHVac

Subestación de distribución

Circuito HVac

~ Generación local

gráfico 1. Las redes eléctricas urbanas normalmente están
divididas en múltiples áreas de carga (también conocidas
como zonas de carga o distritos de carga) por empresas de
servicios públicos eléctricos para mayor comodidad en la
planificación y operación del sistema.
114

ieee power & energy magazine

gráfico 2. Las soluciones de expansión de red optimizadas son necesarias para abordar múltiples mejoras de la
red (expansión de capacidad, soporte de tensión dinámica
y control de flujo de energía de la red).
mayo/junio 2019



Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019

Contents
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover1
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover2
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Contents
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 2
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 3
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 4
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 5
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 6
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 7
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 8
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 9
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 10
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 11
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 12
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 13
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 14
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 15
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 16
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 17
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 18
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 19
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 20
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 21
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 22
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 23
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 24
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 25
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 26
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 27
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 28
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 29
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 30
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 31
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 32
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 33
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 34
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 35
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 36
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 37
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 38
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 39
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 40
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 41
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 42
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 43
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 44
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 45
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 46
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 47
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 48
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 49
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 50
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 51
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 52
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 53
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 54
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 55
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 56
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 57
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 58
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 59
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 60
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 61
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 62
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 63
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 64
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 65
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 66
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 67
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 68
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 69
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 70
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 71
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 72
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 73
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 74
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 75
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 76
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 77
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 78
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 79
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 80
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 81
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 82
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 83
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 84
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 85
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 86
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 87
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 88
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 89
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 90
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 91
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 92
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 93
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 94
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 95
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 96
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 97
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 98
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 99
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 100
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 101
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 102
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 103
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 104
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 105
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 106
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 107
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 108
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 109
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 110
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 111
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 112
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 113
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 114
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 115
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 116
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 117
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 118
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 119
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 120
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 121
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 122
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 123
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 124
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 125
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 126
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 127
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 128
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 129
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 130
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 131
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 132
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 133
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 134
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 135
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 136
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 137
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 138
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 139
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 140
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 141
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 142
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 143
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 144
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover3
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0708_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0506_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0304_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0102_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_1112_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0910_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0708_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0506_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0304_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0102_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_111220
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_091020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_070820
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_050620
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_030420
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_010220
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_1119
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_091019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_070819
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_050619
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_030419
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_010219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_111218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_091018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_070818
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_050618
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_030418
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_010218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0917
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0717
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0517
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0117
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0317
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_1116
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0916
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_111217
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com