Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 31
Examinar las opciones de conversión disponibles
deja en evidencia la necesidad de evaluar la selección
de la configuración en cada caso.
En una configuración híbrida, como la que se muestra en el
gráfico 6, un circuito puede permanecer en funcionamiento
como una línea de CA mientras que el otro se convierte en
un monopolo flotante o un bipolo. Alternativamente, el gráfico 7 muestra la posibilidad de convertir una línea de CA de
doble circuito en dos bipolos independientes.
Se puede implementar un único bipolo como se muestra en el gráfico 8. Esto utiliza todos los conductores a su
máxima capacidad. Sin embargo, con esta configuración, el
sistema HVdc solo podría funcionar como un bipolo rígido
a menos que se incluya una disposición para una ruta de
retorno en la conversión, ya sea a través de un electrodo a
tierra o conductores neutros adicionales.
Examinar las opciones de conversión disponibles deja
en evidencia la necesidad de evaluar la selección de la configuración en cada caso. La solución óptima dependerá de
muchos factores, incluidos el costo, las condiciones de los
conductores y de las torres existentes, los factores ambientales, la disponibilidad de terrenos para las estaciones convertidoras y los electrodos a tierra, los requisitos de duración
para las interrupciones del servicio y los criterios de funcionamiento.
Requisitos de aislamiento
Existen varias diferencias entre los requisitos de aislamiento
de los sistemas de CA y CC, que deben tenerse en cuenta
para convertir una línea de transmisión de CA en una línea
de CC. En particular, los espacios de separación requeridos
para los sistemas de CC son menores que para los sistemas
de CA, dado que las sobretensiones de conmutación para los
sistemas de CC son más bajas que las de los sistemas de CA.
Como tales, los espacios de separación para CC se determinan examinando los requisitos de rendimiento de la iluminación. Además, los espacios de separación para los sistemas
de CC requieren un margen más alto en alturas elevadas.
A 2,000 m sobre el nivel del mar, los espacios de separación para un sistema HVdc deben aumentarse en un 25 %,
en comparación con el 15 % para un sistema de CA de alta
tensión.
Los sistemas de CC también son más susceptibles a la
contaminación porque el campo eléctrico de CC que rodea
el aislamiento atrae más partículas contaminantes. Este
problema se puede superar mediante el uso de aisladores
compuestos, que brindan una mejor protección ante la contaminación que los aisladores de vidrio o cerámica para una
longitud determinada.
mayo/junio 2019
Efecto corona
Las pérdidas atribuidas al efecto corona son similares para los
sistemas de CA y CC en condiciones meteorológicas favorables.
Sin embargo, la lluvia y las heladas causan un gran aumento en
las pérdidas por el efecto corona para los sistemas de CA, mientras que las de sistemas de CC no se ven tan afectadas por estos
factores. Además, los sistemas de CC en operación monopolar
pueden generar un gradiente de superficie en los cables a tierra
que excede su gradiente de comienzo del efecto corona. Esto
puede resultar en altos niveles de corona entre el conductor del
polo y el cable a tierra, lo que tendrá un impacto perjudicial
en el rendimiento corona de la línea de CC. Sin embargo, este
efecto no se produce en el funcionamiento bipolar.
Ruido audible
Las líneas de CC producen menos ruido audible que las
líneas de CA, principalmente porque la contribución del
tabla 1. Las distancias de fuga mínimas
para diferentes niveles de contaminación.
CIGRE Valor del
Valor del
IEC
B4-105 diseño
diseño
Zona
(mm/ (mm/
seleccionado seleccionado
(Contaminación) kV)
kV)
(mm/kV)
(in/kV)
I Leve
27
26-34
30
1.2
II Medio
34
32-44
38
1.5
III Intenso
43
56
56
2.2
IV Extremo
53
70
70
2.8
tabla 2. La selección de tensión de CC.
Tensión
Distancia
de CA Longitud del Cantidad de de
(kV)
aislador
aisladores fuga
Tensión
de CC
seleccionada
(kV)
138
3 pies, 4.2
in
(1.02 m)
Siete
10 pies,
2.6 in
(3.1 m)
100
230
6 pies, 8.5
in
(2.05 m)
14
20 pies,
5.3 in
(6.2 m)
200
345
10 pies,
6.5 in
(3.2 m)
22
32 pies,
1.4 in
(9.8 m)
320
500
13 pies,
4.9 in
(4.1 m)
28
40 pies,
10.5 in
(12.5 m)
400
ieee power & energy magazine
31
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019
Contents
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover1
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover2
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Contents
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Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover3
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