Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - 96
extremo local de la zona de protección. Mientras que las
mediciones locales perciben la falla casi instantáneamente,
el algoritmo debe esperar a que las señales comunicadas
desde el extremo de la línea remota tomen una decisión de
disparo.
La protección de línea diferencial compara las corrientes
u ondas progresivas que se observan en ambos extremos de
la línea. Los principios básicos de la protección diferencial
por ondas progresivas, originalmente desarrollados para sistemas de línea aérea de CA, pueden aplicarse a los sistemas de HVdc. Sin embargo, el algoritmo puede necesitar ser
adaptado a los sistemas de cable debido a la mayor influencia
de la distorsión y la atenuación de onda presente en estos sistemas. Para estos algoritmos, el retraso causado por la propagación de la onda se resta del retraso en la comunicación, lo
que favorece una alta velocidad de funcionamiento. Debido
a que estos algoritmos dependen del intercambio de cantidades medidas en lugar de señales lógicas, imponen una mayor
carga de comunicación en comparación con los algoritmos
direccionales.
Los algoritmos sin comunicación poseen la ventaja de una
rápida detección de fallas gracias a la ausencia de retrasos en
la comunicación, pero enfrentan dificultades para detectar
fallas remotas. Por el contrario, los algoritmos basados en la
comunicación pueden detectar fallas remotas mientras tienen un retraso de comunicación aceptable. Por lo tanto, una
combinación de algoritmos basados en la comunicación y
sin comunicación puede ser adecuada para proteger líneas
largas.
Resumen
Diseñar un esquema de protección de redes de HVdc confiable y efectivo depende de las características del sistema y
de la estrategia que se utilice para la compensación de fallas.
Las características del sistema determinan los requisitos de
protección al confirmar la relación entre la probabilidad de
fallas y su impacto y al establecer restricciones en el funcionamiento seguro del sistema. La estrategia que se utiliza
para la compensación de fallas determina la tecnología que
se usará (por ejemplo, emplear o no disyuntores de HVdc) y
determina el impacto definitivo de una falla en el sistema y
sus componentes. Para la protección de redes de HVdc, las
estrategias de compensación de fallas se pueden clasificar en
tres filosofías: no selectivas, parcialmente selectivas y completamente selectivas. El impacto de la falla en un sistema
de CA o CC se puede determinar a partir de las acciones
que toman los convertidores de CA a CC durante la compensación de fallas. En todos los casos, las estrategias de
compensación de fallas se benefician de una rápida detección y, en el caso de una estrategia completamente selectiva, identificación de fallas. La descripción general de los
algoritmos de protección aquí presentada muestra que estos
algoritmos funcionan principalmente en ondas progresivas
y pueden utilizar un esquema con o sin comunicación. Los
algoritmos que no utilizan la comunicación deben depender
96
ieee power & energy magazine
de una impedancia entre las zonas de protección, que, para
las redes de HVdc, puede ser proporcionada por un inductor en serie con el disyuntor de HVdc. Y, en el caso de los
algoritmos que utilizan comunicación, estos pueden emplear
un esquema de protección con ondas progresivas ya sea de
comparación direccional o diferencial y deben depender de
un canal de comunicación rápido, como un cable de fibra
óptica dedicado.
Agradecimientos
Los autores agradecen las contribuciones de los miembros
del Paquete de Trabajo 4 en el proyecto de European Horizon 2020, Progreso de las redes de HVDC mediante transmisión por malla mar adentro (Progress on Meshed HVDC
Offshore Transmission Networks, PROMOTioN). Este trabajo fue financiado por PROMOTioN mediante la concesión
691714.
Lecturas complementarias
CIGRE, "Local control and protection of HVDC grids"
(Control local y protección de las redes de HVDC), CIGRE,
París, Folleto Téc. 739, Rep. Téc. JWG B4 / B5.59, 2017.
Consorcio de PROMOTION, "D4.2-Broad comparison
of fault clearing strategies for DC grids" (D4.2-Comparación amplia de estrategias de compensación de fallas para
redes de CC), octubre de 2017. [En línea]. Disponible en:
https://www.promotion-offshore.net/fileadmin/PDFs/D4.2_
Broad_comparison_of_fault_clearing_strategies_for_DC_
grids.pdf
D. Van Hertem, O. Gomis-Bellmunt, y J. Liang, Eds.
HVDC Grids for Offshore and Supergrid of the Future (Redes de HVDC para mar adentro y superredes del futuro).
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2016.
I. Jahn, N. Johannesson, y S. Norrga, "Survey of methods
for selective DC fault detection in MTDC grids" (Encuesta
sobre métodos para la detección selectiva de fallas de CC en
redes de MTDC), en Proc. 13º Conf. Int. IET. Transmisión
de energía de CA y CC (CACC), 2017.
Biografías
Willem Leterme pertenece a EnergyVille, la Universidad de
Lovaina (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven), Bélgica.
Ilka Jahn pertenece al Instituto real de tecnología, Estocolmo, Suecia.
Philipp Ruffing pertenece a Rheinisch-Westfälische
Technische Technische Hochschule, Aquisgrán, Alemania.
Kamran Sharifabadi pertenece a Equinor, Stavanger,
Noruega.
Dirk Van Hertem pertenece a EnergyVille, la Universidad de Lovaina (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven), Bélgica.
p&e
mayo/junio 2019
https://www.promotion-offshore.net/fileadmin/PDFs/D4.2_Broad_comparison_of_fault_clearing_strategies_for_DC_grids.pdf
https://www.promotion-offshore.net/fileadmin/PDFs/D4.2_Broad_comparison_of_fault_clearing_strategies_for_DC_grids.pdf
https://www.promotion-offshore.net/fileadmin/PDFs/D4.2_Broad_comparison_of_fault_clearing_strategies_for_DC_grids.pdf
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019
Contents
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover1
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover2
Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Contents
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Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2019 - Cover3
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