IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2021 - 32

Interruptor cerrado
L Carga
WT Turbina eólica
Almacenamiento
B
de energía por
baterías
Corriente de falla
Protección
de respaldo
CB1
Red pública
Nodo 1
CB14 CB16
CB20
Transformador
de puesta a tierra
WT
Red de distribución
Nodo 2
(c)
figura 7. (Continuación) (c) El funcionamiento de la protección del alimentador de respaldo.
todos los casos. Cuando la energía FV opera con un factor de
potencia unitario, la impedancia medida se ve ligeramente
afectada, acercándose al límite de la zona 2. Sin embargo, a
medida que la corriente FV se vuelve más reactiva (el factor
de potencia disminuye), la impedancia estimada por el relé
de distancia se ve gravemente afectada, lo que lleva a un
alcance excesivo del relé. Se emite una señal de disparo a
CB4, desconectando instantáneamente una línea defectuosa
y la energía FV.
La ambigüedad en el funcionamiento de una unidad con
interfaz PE durante condiciones de falla desequilibrada también
puede afectar negativamente el cálculo de impedancia.
Además, los relés de distancia pueden resultar ineficientes
como esquema de protección para líneas cortas donde la discriminación
entre fallas dentro y fuera de zona es difícil.
Por lo tanto, la retransmisión a distancia no es una solución
práctica para la protección de microrredes.
Protección diferencial
También se han propuesto esquemas de protección diferencial
para la protección de microrredes. El esquema compara
la corriente que entra y sale del equipo protegido con un
umbral dado para determinar si aislar el elemento protegido.
La comparación de corriente se realiza mediante dos dispositivos
ubicados en los nodos donde se conectan los terminales
del elemento protegido. Cada dispositivo compara su
32
ieee power & energy magazine
medición de corriente local con la medición enviada por el
dispositivo en el otro extremo. Las mediciones se transmiten
a través de una red de comunicación basada en Ethernet,
fibra óptica, portadora de línea de potencia o tecnologías de
comunicación inalámbrica.
Cuando se aplica para protección de línea, los relés
diferenciales pueden ubicarse en ubicaciones remotas.
La red de comunicación instalada inevitablemente introducirá
retrasos en la comunicación y problemas de caída
de paquetes en las señales transmitidas. Esto puede dar
lugar a datos no sincronizados recopilados por los relés
diferenciales, lo que puede afectar el rendimiento de la
protección. Para la protección de la línea, se requieren
tecnologías como la fibra óptica que garanticen una comunicación
de gran ancho de banda entre los dispositivos. La
protección diferencial de línea convencional, tal como se
aplica en los sistemas de transmisión, se puede aplicar en
microrredes para proteger los alimentadores de distribución
sin cargas conectadas a lo largo de ellos (por ejemplo,
líneas que conectan centrales eléctricas o de almacenamiento
con un centro de carga).
Otros enfoques novedosos de protección diferencial
se basan en la comunicación entre dispositivos de protección
convencionales, por ejemplo, relés de sobrecorriente
direccionales. Un esquema de protección de microrred de
este tipo basado en el principio de protección diferencial se
mayo/junio 2021
CB3
B
Microrred
L
L
CB19
CB2
Nodo 3
CB12 CB13 CB15
Nodo 4
CB17 CB18
Interruptor
abierto
FV Energía
PE
Falla
CB6 CB8
FV
CB11
LL
fotovoltaica
Red pública
CB4
CB5 CB7 CB9 CB10
Nodo 5
Nodo 6

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2021

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2021 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2021 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2021 - Cover4
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