IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2022 - 94

Energía de la luz
+
Baño de níquel
Capa
Antirreflectora
Si tipo N
+
+
+
Agujero
Carga
-
-
-
Si tipo P
Electrón
-
figura 4. Un esquema de una celda FV. Si: silicio.
entender verdaderamente las causas de
la temprana baja potencia.
La falta de interés, de conocimientos
o el bajo precio de los combustibles
fósiles podrían estar detrás del escaso
desarrollo que hubo en el medio siglo
transcurrido tras el descubrimiento inicial.
El único evento notable ocurrido
en la primera mitad del siglo XX que
siguió la misma tendencia fue la nueva
idea de Max Planck: su hipótesis del
cuanto de luz.
Albert Einstein publicó una explicación
del efecto fotoeléctrico en marzo
de 1905. Cinco años antes, Planck
había demostrado que los átomos de
las cavidades solo pueden absorber o
emitir radiación a partir del " cuanto "
discreto, lo que explica que la energía
de cada protón sea un múltiplo entero:
la frecuencia regula la nueva constante
predeterminada. De este modo, Planck
resolvió el problema de la radiación de
cuerpo negro.
Planck pensaba que su idea sobre el
figura 5. El satélite espacial
Vanguard 1 con sus seis celdas solares
unidas (Fuente: Centro Nacional de
Datos de Ciencia Espacial, NASA,
Vanguard 1 con sus seis celdas solares
unidas, 2007).
94
ieee power & energy magazine
cuanto no era más que un " truco " matemático
para introducir la teoría en la
experimentación. Sin embargo, Einstein
prolongó el cuanto de Planck hasta la luz
(Planck suponía que solo se cuantificaban
las vibraciones de los átomos). Einstein
sostenía que la luz es un haz de partículas
cuya energía está relacionada con
la frecuencia según la fórmula de Planck.
Un rayo de luz choca con los átomos tras
impactar con el metal. Si la frecuencia
del fotón es suficiente para disminuir los
electrones, la colisión provocará el efecto
fotoeléctrico. Como partícula, la luz lleva
la energía proporcional a la frecuencia
de la onda. Como onda, tiene una
frecuencia determinada por la energía
de la partícula. Este trabajo le significó a
Einstein ganar el Premio Nobel de Física
en 1921.
Investigadores del Laboratorio
Bell descubrieron que al mezclar arsénico
con silicio y una capa delgada
sobre la celda con boro, se puede
lograr una eficiencia de la celda del
6% (US$ 250 por vatio comparado
con US$ 3 por vatio para el carbón).
Tal vez, incluso si sus hallazgos estuvieran
separados de la tecnología sobre
transistores y conocimientos, los
científicos no habrían sabido quién
comenzó la revolución del suministro
de energía que se necesitaría a
nivel global dentro de 20 años. Pese
a los avances, el producto actual era
mayo/junio 2022

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2022

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2022 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2022 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2022 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2022 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2022 - 3
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2022 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2022 - Cover4
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