IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2022 - 99

tabla 2. Generación bruta anual de energía por fuente en India.
Categoría de
combustible
Carbón*
Gas
Diésel
Nuclear
Generación
hidroeléctrica**
Eólica
Solar
Biomasa***
Total
2013
145,273
21,782
1,199
4,780
44,335
21,043
2,632
7,510
248,554
2014
164,636
23,062
1,199
5,780
45,323
23,354
3,744
7,805
274,903
2015
185,173
24,509
993
5,780
47,057
26,777
6,763
8,110
305,162
2016
192,163
25,329
838
6,780
48,858
32,280
12,289
8,296
326,833
2017
197,171
24,897
838
6,780
49,779
34,046
21,651
8,839
344,001
2018
2019
200,704 204,224
24,937
638
24,937
510
6,780
49,992
35,626
28,181
9,242
356,100
6,780
50,047
37,279
32,578
9,946
365,891
2020
2021****
205,135 209,810
24,955
510
24,924
510
6,780
50,382
37,694
34,628
10,023
6,780
51,351
40,083
49,347
10,610
370,127 393,415
* Incluye lignito. **Incluye centrales hidroeléctricas pequeñas. ***Incluye energía/cogeneración de biomasa y energía de
desperdicios. ****Datos preliminares del 31 de diciembre de 2021.
[Fuente: Autoridad Eléctrica Central, CEA (por sus siglas en inglés) (2019a), " All India installed capacity " (Capacidad instalada
en toda India), 12 de enero de 2022 (https://www.cea.nic.in)]
Módulos solares FV:
rendimiento y eficiencia
El rendimiento de las celdas solares
depende del factor de llenado y la eficiencia
de conversión. En términos
matemáticos, el factor de llenado se
define como la proporción del producto
del valor máximo de corriente ()Im
y el valor máximo de tensión ()Vm
dividido
por el producto de la corriente
de cortocircuito ()ISC
circuito abierto ().VOC
y la tensión de
El valor de la
eficiencia de conversión es la proporción
de Pm
(la potencia máxima generada
por el panel en condiciones de
prueba estándar) y Pin
(la radiación
solar, es decir, energía radiante emitida
del sol).
De acuerdo con los datos obtenidos
de la eficiencia solar (tabla 1),
las eficiencias de las celdas de multiunión
y de los módulos cristalinos
superan el rendimiento de las de capas
finas y de algunos módulos solares
nuevos. Las figuras 6 y 7 ilustran
los datos. La eficiencia de las celdas
solares monocristalinas es aproximadamente
un 4.3% más alta que la de
las policristalinas, mientras que la
de celdas de cobre indio galio selenio
(CIGS) es casi un 2.4% más alta
que la de celdas de telururo de cadmio
(CdTe, por sus siglas en inglés).
La tabla 1 destaca las características
clave y los niveles de eficiencia de
distintas tecnologías solares FV, así
como los pros y contras de cada implementación.
Módulos
solares FV:
producción e instalación
A fines de 2020, China tenía la mayor
parte de la energía solar FV instalada,
seguida por Europa y Norteamérica,
como se muestra en la figura 8. El gráfico
de la figura 9 muestra la proporción
de producción global de los módulos
solares en 20 años. Europa, Asia
y Norteamérica han hecho inversiones
importantes en la producción de módulos
solares, mientras que China ha
tenido un aumento significativo de
producción. Los datos en el resto del
mundo indican un aumento gradual
en la producción comparándolos con
la producción de 2010. La figura 10
muestra que en los últimos 10 años,
Asia ha seguido aumentando la producción
solar FV con el objetivo de
reducir su huella de carbono anual y la
contaminación ambiental. Otros países
de Asia, como India y Japón, han
seguido su ejemplo, como se muestra
en la figura 8.
https://www.cea.nic.in http://emtp.com/ieeepes

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2022

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