IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2023 - 4
Innocent Kamwa
Cómo mantener las
luces encendidas
lecciones de los mayores apagones de los
últimos 35 años
C
grandes
4
CUANDO ESCRIBIMOS ESTA EDIción,
en enero de 2023, Québec recordaba
la tormenta de hielo de 1998,
ocurrida el viernes 9 de enero, hace
34 años. Caídas de más de 100 mm de
lluvia helada pulverizaron literalmente
parte de la red eléctrica de Hydro-Québec,
dejando sin electricidad a más de
cuatro millones de personas. Este día
ha pasado a la historia como el Viernes
Negro. Se cortaron unos 24,000 postes
de madera, 900 torres de alta tensión
y 3,000 km de líneas eléctricas. Algunos
hogares no tuvieron electricidad
hasta pasadas cinco o seis semanas
(figura 1). No es la primera vez que
un apagón de estas características
afecta a la provincia de Québec. El 13
de marzo de 1989, los vientos solares
perturbaron el campo magnético terrestre,
provocando la desconexión de
siete compensadores estáticos de VAR
(SVC, por sus siglas en inglés) de la red
en 1 minuto, debido a corrientes armónicas
excesivas. Tras la pérdida del soporte
dinámico de tensión que proporcionaban
los SVC, la inestabilidad del
sistema eléctrico se hizo inevitable. El
resultado fue un grave apagón en toda
la red de Québec, que dejó a seis millones
de personas sin electricidad entre 9
y 12 horas.
Según Victor Hugo, uno de los más
franceses,
escritores
" Para
lo que siempre hay que hacer planes
es para lo imprevisto " . Pero es difícil
creer que se pueda planificar de manera
realista un fenómeno que, como la
tormenta de hielo de 1998, ocurre una
Identificador de Objeto Digital 10.1109/MPE.2023.3247106
Fecha de la versión actual: 19 de abril de 2023
ieee power & energy magazine
figura 1. La tormenta de hielo de 1998 en Québec (La Presse). Torres de alta
tensión colapsadas por el peso del hielo, 11 de enero, en Montérégie (Québec).
La restauración resultó abrumadora.
mayo/junio 2023
vez cada 100 años. Por el contrario,
los ingenieros son capaces de evitar el
tipo de apagón que provocó la tormenta
geomagnética de 1989 en Québec a un
costo asequible para la sociedad. Las
contramedidas
implementadas
desde
1989 por Hydro-Québec, como la
compensación en serie de las líneas de
transmisión, la modernización de los
SVC con controladores más robustos
y el despliegue de sistemas de supervisión
mediante medición sincrofasorial,
han logrado evitar apagones de este
tipo en los últimos 34 años.
Después ocurrió el apagón definitivo
de mi vida. El 14 de agosto de
voz de los editores
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3568-3716
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2023
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2023
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2023 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2023 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2023 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2023 - 4
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2023 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - May/June 2023 - Cover4
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