IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - July/August 2021 - 105

predeterminada. La figura 4 muestra
un típico disyuntor de CC. Debido a
que su mayor área de aplicación era
en los ferrocarriles eléctricos de CC,
este tipo de disyuntor se hizo conocido
como disyuntor ferroviario. El arco se
retraía al aire libre y pronto se entendió
que, con más corrientes de falla, el
arco abierto se había vuelto peligroso y
que, en muchos casos, no era mejor que
los fusibles. Al utilizarse en sistemas
grandes de CA de alta tensión, las deficiencias
de estos disyuntores pronto se
hicieron evidentes.
Uno de los primeros en comprenderlo
fue Edwin Rice, quien diseñó el
sistema eléctrico de la estación eléctrica
de la Calle 96. La principal carga de
esta estación era la CC suministrada a
los vagones de transporte. Los generadores
síncronos que abastecían a los
convertidores de subestaciones funcionaban
con frecuencia en paralelo con
grandes bancos de baterías de almacenamiento.
Los
convertidores
eran
máquinas eléctricas bobinadas de tal
forma que tuvieran un motor síncrono
y un generador de CC armados como
una sola máquina. Cuando había un
cortocircuito en alguna parte del sistema,
tanto los generadores de CA de las
estaciones como los convertidores de
subestaciones alimentaban la falla.
En 1901, Rice escribió en una publicación
de AIEE Transactions:
...era evidente que las características
de una carga así evitaban
que se confiara en la apertura
del circuito de excitación de los
generadores de CA en caso de
que se necesitara una interrupción
general, ya que bajo ciertas
condiciones los convertidores rotativos
suministrarían suficiente
corriente de magnetización para
excitar estos generadores, incluso
con el bobinado de campo de
los generadores no excitados.
Al darse cuenta de que la protección
de los equipos se había vuelto un
problema grave, los ingenieros eléctricos
comenzaron a buscar un reemplazo
para el interruptor ferroviario. A
partir de 1899, una gran cantidad de
publicaciones que trataban sobre los
julio/agosto 2021
PANEL
PANEL
PANEL
problemas de interrupción de cortocircuito
comenzaron a aparecer en AIEE
Transactions y otras revistas. Los autores
de AIEE Transactions eran, en su
mayoría, empleados de las dos principales
fuerzas de finales del siglo XIX
en los Estados Unidos -Westinghouse
y General Electric- o ingenieros del
personal de las principales empresas de
generación eléctrica.
Originalmente, Westinghouse
estaba
experimentando con una mejora
en los interruptores de aire. Sin embargo,
los ingenieros descubrieron que
los arcos al aire libre no se extinguían
fácilmente y los grandes espacios de
Power System Analysis
EasyPower
As Easy As
R
R
.5 .6
1000
800
600
500
400
300
200
TX-2
1 / 1.288 MVA
13.8 - 0.48 kV
6%
100
80
60
50
40
30
20
BL-1
10
8
4
5
6
2
3
GE MVT-Plus
Sensor = 1600
Plug = 1600
Cur Set = 1.1 (1760A)
LT Band = 1
STPU = 2.5 (4400A)
ST Delay = Int
ST Delay I²t = Out
Override = 50000A
1
.8
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
BL-3
GE MVT-9
Sensor = 800
Plug = 800
Cur Set = 0.5 (400A)
LT Band = 1
Inst = 4 (3200A)
TX-2
.1
.08
.06
.05
.04
.03
.02
BL-5
Cutler Hammer Series C
HFD
Frame = 225A (150AT)
Trip = 150
1000 / 1288 kVA
INRUSH
BL-3
29249A
.03
BL-5
20574A
.01
.5 .6
.8
1
2
3
4
5 6 7 8 9 10
2
3
4
5 6 7 8 9 100
2
3
4
5 6 7 8 9 1000
CURRENT IN AMPERES X 100 AT 480 VOLTS
2
3
4
.01
5 6 7 8 9 10000
.02
.1
.08
.06
.05
.04
BL-1
18627A
C-6
1 - 400 kcmil CU
.2
10
8
M-1
BL-5
C-H HFD
225/150
2
3
4
5
6
BL-1
TX-2
1000 / 1288 kVA
6%
SWG-4
BL-3
GE AKR-30H
800/400
GE AKR-50
1600/1760
.8
1
2
3
4
5 6 7 8 9 10
CURRENT IN AMPERES X 100 AT 480 VOLTS
2
3
TX-2
FLA
4
5 6 7 8 9 100
2
3
4
5 6 7 8 9 1000
2
3
4
5 6 7 8 9 10000
1000
800
600
500
400
300
200
100
80
60
50
40
30
20
1
.8
.6
.5
.4
.3
Arc Fault
Bus Name
BUS-3
BUS-7
M-1
REFINER
SWG-4
MCC-1
MCC-2
PNL-1
PNL-2
Arc Fault
Bus kV
13.8
13.8
MAIN SWG 3.8
2.4
0.48
Upstream
Trip Device
Name
R-6
R-7
0.48 BL-3
R-18
R-7
R-6
PNL-2
0.48 BL-2
0.48 BL-3
0.208 FS-2
0.208
Upstream
Trip Device
Function
51/50
51/50
51/50
51/50
51/50
Equip Type
Electrode
Configuration
Open Air VOA
Open Air VOA
Other
HCB
Switchgear VCB + HCB
Switchgear VCB + HCB
Switchgear
MCC
0.208
PNL-1
PNL-1
MCC
Panel
Panel
VCB + HCB
VCB
VCB
Panel
VCB + HBB
VCB
VCB
Electrode
Gap
(mm)
152
152
32
152
104
32
25
25
25
25
Est Arc Flash
Boundary
(inches)
32.1
30.5
Working
Distance
(inches)
Incident
Energy
(cal/cm2
+ 26 1.7
+ 26 1.5
31.6 + 18 3.8
189.3 + 18 59.3
261.9
213.2
+
+
53.6
53.1
48.2
57.8
18 122.8
18 135.1
+ 18
+ 18
+
57.8 + 18 7.7
+ 18
6.9
6.8
18 7.1
7.7
)
· Easy to Learn and Use
· Fast Results
Try instantly online or download a free demo copy at:
www.EasyPower.com/demo
®
Power made easy.
ieeepower & energy magazine
105
TIME IN SECONDS
17.58 1.90
18.71
0.15
TIME IN SECONDS
24.13
19.48
4' - 0 "
6.0
0.48
3' - 6 "
1' - 0 "
Arc Flash and Shock Risk Hazard
Appropriate PPE Required
Flash Hazard Boundary
cal/cm2 at 18 inches - Arc Flash Incident Energy
kV Shock Hazard when cover is removed
Limited Approach
Restricted Approach
Equipment Name: SWG-4
(Fed By: 18A)
VALID FOR NORMAL SYSTEM CONFIGURATION ONLY
Arc Flash and Shock Risk Hazard
Appropriate PPE Required
4' - 0 "
6.0
0.48
3' - 6 "
1' - 0 "
Flash Hazard Boundary
cal/cm2 at 18 inches - Arc Flash Incident Energy
Arc-rated shirt and arc rated pants or arc rated coverall
kV Shock Hazard when cover is removed
Limited Approach
Restricted Approach
Equipment Name: MCC-23A
(Fed By: 27B)
VALID FOR NORMAL SYSTEM CONFIGURATION ONLY
http://www.EasyPower.com/demo

IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - July/August 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - July/August 2021

Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - July/August 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - July/August 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - July/August 2021 - Contents
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - July/August 2021 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - July/August 2021 - Cover4
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