IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 36
Estados Unidos, pero con menos de una décima parte de su
población. La industria de la energía, históricamente estatal,
se desreguló en la década de 1990 para desagregar las
empresas de servicios públicos integradas verticalmente y
promover la competencia. Esto permitió la comercialización
transfronteriza de electricidad entre estados y territorios. El
NEM se estableció en 1998. El carácter aislado de los sistemas
eléctricos de Australia Occidental y el Territorio del
Norte fue una barrera importante para la integración continental
de infraestructura y políticas. Fue recién en 2006 que
se estableció el WEM de Australia Occidental, abarcando la
región suroeste del estado y siendo abastecido por el Sistema
Interconectado del Suroeste, atravesando un área de, aproximadamente,
el tamaño del Reino Unido. El sistema eléctrico
100
150
200
250
50
interconectado del NEM se compone de aproximadamente
40,000 km de redes de transmisión. El sistema en modo
aislado del suroeste integra aproximadamente 7,800 km de
redes de transmisión.
Los mercados de energía australianos
A partir de un periodo de desregulación a gran escala, se
estableció el NEM con un fuerte compromiso con la eficiencia
del mercado por intervalos de despacho de 5 minutos en
tiempo real; sin predespacho de los mercados de capacidad;
y con límites de precios de mercado muy altos (actualmente
entre AUD$ -1,000 y 15,000/MWh). En 2021, el tiempo de
establecimiento se reducirá de 30 a 5 minutos buscando ajustarse
al despacho, mejorando más la eficiencia del mercado
30
20
10
(a)
(b)
1,000
2,000
-1,000
-2,000
-3,000
2016
2018
Energía eólica
Energía solar de serv. públicos
Energía FV distribuida
Rampa de energía renovable variable real
(c)
2025
15
20
25
30
35
40
0255075
Penetración de energía solar y eólica
(% de demanda subyacente)
2019 (Datos reales)
2025 (Centro del plan de sistemas integrados)
2025 (Cambio escalonado del plan de sistemas
integrados)
(d)
figura 1. (a) Direcciones del operador en el NEM, mostrando que las intervenciones van en aumento. (b) Un gráfico de
distribución de frecuencia en el NEM hasta 2019, demostrando que el control de frecuencia disminuyó como consecuencia
de un menor control de frecuencia primaria. (c) Un gráfico de mariposa con rampas de demanda neta de 5 minutos, históricas
y pronosticadas (rampa máxima de 5 minutos en 2025 > 1.5 GW, rampa máxima de 1 hora en 2025 > 6 GW), que
muestra que la incertidumbre está aumentando. (d) La penetración pronosticada de energía solar y eólica como porcentaje
de la demanda subyacente. Podrían cubrir el 100 % de la demanda eléctrica de Australia para 2025. [Fuente: adaptado con
permiso de la Etapa 1 del estudio de integración de energías renovables del Operador Australiano de Mercados Energéticos
(AEMO), 2020, y del Informe de monitoreo de tiempo y frecuencia del AEMO, primer trimestre de 2020].
36
ieee power & energy magazine
septiembre/octubre 2021
100
2015/2016
2016/2017
2017/2018
2018/2019
2019/2020
Rampa de demanda neta (MW)
Direcciones (NEM)
Demanda subyacente (GW)
Tiempo (%)
2007
2011
2015
2019
Frecuencia (Hz)
50.15
50.1
50.05
50
49.95
49.85
49.9
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021
Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - Contents
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 4
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 5
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 6
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 7
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 8
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 9
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 10
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 11
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 12
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 13
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 14
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 15
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 16
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 17
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 18
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 19
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 20
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 21
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 22
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 23
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 24
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 25
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 26
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 27
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 28
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 29
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 30
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 31
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 32
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 33
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 34
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 35
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 36
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 37
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 38
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 39
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 40
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 41
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 42
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 43
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 44
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 45
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 46
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 47
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 48
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 49
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 50
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 51
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 52
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 53
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 54
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 55
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 56
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 57
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 58
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 59
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 60
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 61
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 62
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 63
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 64
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 65
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 66
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 67
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 68
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 69
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 70
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 71
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 72
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 73
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 74
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 75
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 76
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 77
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 78
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 79
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 80
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 81
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 82
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 83
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 84
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 85
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 86
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 87
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 88
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 89
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 90
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 91
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 92
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 93
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 94
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 95
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 96
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 97
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 98
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 99
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 100
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 101
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 102
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 103
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 104
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 105
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 106
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 107
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 108
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 109
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 110
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 111
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 112
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 113
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 114
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 115
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 116
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 117
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 118
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 119
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - 120
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - September/October 2021 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0708_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0506_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0304_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0102_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_1112_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0910_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0708_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0506_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0304_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0102_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_111220
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_091020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_070820
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_050620
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_030420
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_010220
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_1119
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_091019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_070819
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_050619
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_030419
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_010219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_111218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_091018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_070818
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_050618
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_030418
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_010218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0917
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0717
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0517
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0117
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0317
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_1116
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0916
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_111217
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com