IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 44
1.9 GW para el año 2024, y las previsiones actuales proyectan que aproximadamente 18.7 millones de VE recorrerán
las carreteras de EE. UU. en 2030. Con cifras como estas,
no es descabellado imaginar que un cliente de electricidad residencial tenga al menos cinco FED controlables. En
las futuras redes eléctricas, a medida que se integren más
FED, el número de puntos de control activos será demasiado
grande como para que los actuales enfoques de control puedan manejarlos con eficiencia.
Imaginen, por ejemplo, el Área de la Bahía de San Francisco, que cuenta con un gran sistema de distribución, de
aproximadamente 4.5 millones de clientes. La figura 1
ilustra los sistemas sintéticos de distribución del Área de
la Bahía construidos a partir de datos reales, creados para
replicar las propiedades de los sistemas reales, incluyendo
varios niveles de tensión y circuitos conectados en " Y " y en
delta. ¿Y si cada cliente tuviera un sistema FV, un sistema de
almacenamiento de energía por baterías, un VE, un termostato inteligente y cargas de iluminación controlables? Esto
equivaldría a aproximadamente 10-20 millones de dispositivos controlables capaces de producir, almacenar y consumir
electricidad. Actualmente, no existen sistemas de control
Rural 12.47 k
Rural 25 kV
Urbano 12.47 k
Urbano 4 kV
Urbano Delta
figura 1. Este es el sistema de distribución sintética del
Área de la Bahía de San Francisco, desarrollado bajo el
programa ARPA-E GRID DATA. Las configuraciones de
las líneas son, en su mayor parte, de tipo " Y " con una
pequeña cantidad de delta. (Fuente: datos de la red: NREL;
mapa: OpenStreetMap.org).
44
ieee power & energy magazine
capaces de ingerir 20 millones de flujos de datos y tomar
decisiones de funcionamiento en tiempo real.
En las actuales redes de gran escala, como la Interconexión
del Este en los Estados Unidos, las centrales eléctricas de las
estaciones centrales proporcionan potencia a las cargas y disponen de unos 10,000 puntos de control. Los sistemas de control actuales funcionan bien cuando hay un número limitado
de puntos de control activos en el sistema, pero para hacer
frente a la enorme cantidad de nuevas tecnologías FED y a la
disponibilidad de mediciones en la red, es necesario desarrollar un nuevo marco de control. El marco debe monitorear,
controlar y optimizar las redes de gran escala con niveles de
penetración significativamente altos de generación variable
y FED; debe procesar la avalancha de datos procedentes de
la medición generalizada; y necesita poner en práctica una
variedad de nuevos mecanismos de mercado, incluidos los
servicios auxiliares multinivel. Para manejar este futuro de
energía altamente distribuida, proponemos el concepto de
redes autónomas de energía (AEG, por sus siglas en inglés).
Redes autónomas de energía: el concepto
Las AEG son sistemas de control y redes eléctricas de
estructura celular, multicapas o jerárquicos, que permiten
una optimización resiliente, confiable y económica. Con
el apoyo de una infraestructura de información y control
escalable, reconfigurable y auto-organizada, las AEG son
extremadamente seguras y resilientes, y también pueden
funcionar en tiempo real para garantizar un rendimiento
económico y confiable a la vez que integran sistemáticamente energía en todas sus formas. Las AEG se basan en
bloques de construcción celular que pueden tanto auto-optimizarse cuando están aisladas de una red más grande como
participar en un funcionamiento óptimo cuando están interconectadas a una red más grande. La figura 2 muestra cómo
puede establecerse un enfoque escalable de control desde el
nivel más bajo de las tecnologías controlables individuales
(energía renovable, generación convencional, VE, almacenamiento y cargas) y usarse para controlar cientos de millones
de dispositivos a través de celdas jerárquicas. En la figura,
el nivel inferior consiste en tecnologías individuales agregadas en pequeñas celdas. Así, cada nivel superior representa
un conjunto de celdas hasta abarcar toda la red. Dentro de
cada capa, se utilizan controles distribuidos para optimizar
la producción de energía y cumplir los requerimientos del
sistema. La información que pasa entre las capas es mínima,
y este enfoque jerárquico permite el control de cientos de
millones de dispositivos.
Para hacer realidad esta idea, se deberá desarrollar e
implementar algoritmos de control para las AEG con las
siguientes características:
✔✔ Funcionamiento en tiempo real: los algoritmos de
control deben funcionar lo suficientemente rápido como para asegurar funcionamientos en tiempo
real en redes eléctricas que equilibren la carga y la
-generación cada segundo.
noviembre/diciembre 2020
http://www.OpenStreetMap.org
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - Cover1
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - Cover3
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