IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 88
accidentales y el arco eléctrico (véase la figura 4). El peligro se mide por la energía incidente del arco en kilocalorías
por centímetro cuadrado. El arco eléctrico correlaciona la
tensión de la línea, la magnitud de la corriente de falla y el
tiempo de despeje de fallas. Las FED pueden contribuir al
arco eléctrico. La práctica de la industria es calcular la energía incidente del arco eléctrico de manera individual para
que se proporcione ropa de seguridad resistente al fuego al
personal de campo.
Las FED pueden aumentar la energía incidente del arco
eléctrico principalmente de dos maneras. Primero, los bobinados del transformador elevador, como la conexión de MT en
estrella a tierra y en delta a la FED, proporcionan una fuente de
secuencia cero. Esta configuración puede reducir la corriente
de tierra de la subestación y retrasar el despeje de fallas en el
dispositivo de protección conectado aguas arriba. Segundo,
después de la pérdida de la fuente de red y antes del disparo de
la central, las FED pueden retroalimentar la falla. Esta parte
de la energía incidente del arco eléctrico se correlaciona con
el tiempo de funcionamiento de la central antes del disparo.
Las mitigaciones de fallas de arco de la central FV
incluyen resistores de puesta a tierra y ajustes de relés de
reconectores instalados en el POI. Muchas empresas de
servicios públicos habilitan también el despeje de fallas de
alta velocidad en los relés de los alimentadores cuando los
equipos están trabajando en una línea. El despeje instantáneo reducirá en gran medida el tiempo de despeje de fallas
y la contribución de la red a la exposición del arco eléctrico.
Las grandes centrales FV integradas al sistema de distribución a menudo requerirán estudios de coordinación de la
protección para determinar los ajustes de los relés de los alimentadores y de la central. También se necesitan revisiones
del diseño y un proceso de puesta en marcha para asegurar
que las configuraciones de la central eléctrica solar cumplan
con los requerimientos de protección.
Funcionamiento monofásico
Dada la existencia de alimentadores trifásicos, ¿qué rol juegan las FED? Puede haber incidentes de fase abierta (o un
funcionamiento monofásico en los circuitos de distribución
trifásicos). Esto plantea varias preocupaciones para las centrales FV. Dependiendo de la configuración del transformador y la salida de la FED a la carga, se podría regenerar la
tensión en la fase abierta. Durante el incidente de fase abierta,
esto lleva a una regulación deficiente o genera tensiones elevadas
tabla 1. Un resumen de los resultados de pruebas de fase abierta muestra
y puede exponer al público a un
34 fallas en 82 sitios de grandes centrales FV.
conductor caído bajo tensión.
Razones de
Paró pero se reinició
No
Detención Tensión de Otras
Estos eventos no son raros en
fallas
en <5 min.
paró de
produjo
fase abierta razones
un sistema de distribución con
generar
>2 seg. de >1.1 por
protección independiente para
energía
demora
unidad
cada fase, como los reconectores
Número de
1
2
16
3
12
monofásicos. Pueden presentarse
fallas
en un despeje de fallas monofásiSección del
4.10.35
6.2.26
-
cas si se abre un solo interruptor o
Estándar 1547
fusible o cuando se rompe un condel IEEE
ductor. La figura 5 muestra el caso
(Fuente: Xcel Energy; usado con permiso).
de un fusible quemado.
V
Capacitor filtro en
inversor de AC
Impedancia
de línea
Transformador
de interconexión
BK3
Impedancia de
cable UG
BK1, Fase C
abierta
BK2
interruptor cerrado
V
Medidor de tensión
GT
figura 6. El diseño de una central, desde la línea principal del alimentador a la derecha hasta la central FV a la izquierda,
con sus dispositivos de protección (BK) y conexión de cable subterráneo (UG).
88
ieee power & energy magazine
noviembre/diciembre 2020
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 4
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 5
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 6
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 7
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 8
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 9
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 10
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 11
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 12
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 13
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 14
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 15
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 16
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 17
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 18
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 19
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 20
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 21
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 22
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 23
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 24
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 25
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 26
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 27
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 28
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 29
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 30
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 31
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 32
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 33
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 34
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 35
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 36
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 37
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 38
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 39
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 40
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 41
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 42
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 43
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 44
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 45
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 46
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 47
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 48
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 49
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 50
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 51
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 52
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 53
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 54
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 55
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 56
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 57
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 58
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 59
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 60
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 61
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 62
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 63
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 64
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 65
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 66
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 67
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 68
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 69
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 70
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 71
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 72
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 73
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 74
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 75
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 76
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 77
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 78
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 79
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 80
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 81
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 82
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 83
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 84
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 85
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 86
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 87
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 88
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 89
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 90
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 91
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 92
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 93
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 94
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 95
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 96
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 97
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 98
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 99
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 100
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 101
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 102
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 103
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 104
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 105
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 106
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 107
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 108
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 109
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 110
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 111
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 112
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 113
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 114
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 115
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 116
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 117
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 118
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 119
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 120
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 121
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 122
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 123
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 124
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 125
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 126
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 127
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - 128
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December 2020 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0708_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0506_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0304_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0102_2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_1112_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0910_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0708_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0506_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0304_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0102_2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_111220
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_091020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_070820
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_050620
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_030420
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_010220
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_1119
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_091019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_070819
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_050619
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_030419
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_010219
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_111218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_091018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_070818
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_050618
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_030418
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_010218
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0917
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0717
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0517
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0117
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0317
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_1116
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_0916
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/pes/powerenergy_sp_111217
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com