IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December - 125
Las infraestructuras
de calefacción urbana
subterránea normalmente
fueron financiadas
a través de préstamos
favorables a largo
plazo (p. ej., de 20 a 50
años) concedidos por
el Banco Municipal de
Crédito. El principio de
no tener fines de lucro/
principio de los costos
necesarios determina el
precio final de la calefacción
para el usuario
Los sistemas
de calefacción
urbana
permiten el
almacenamiento
de energía
térmica a corto
plazo (diario) y
a largo plazo
(estacional).
final. Según este principio
de fijación de precios,
el precio final de la
prestación del
servicio
de la calefacción para
el usuario final comprende
los costos totales
y necesarios de la
prestación del
servicio
de calor. Estos incluyen
la inversión en generación,
transmisión y distribución
de calor y la
gestión y servicio de la
infraestructura térmica.
Años 1980: la búsqueda
de petróleo y gas
En 1980, los expertos estadounidenses
estimaron que el petróleo y el gas del
Mar del Norte danés podrían proporcionar
a Dinamarca independencia energética
hasta por 20 años. Los grupos activistas
movilizaron el apoyo público con
el argumento de que los derechos sobre
estos recursos naturales pertenecían al
estado danés, no a Maersk y al Danish
Underground Consortium.
A partir de aquí comenzaron las
negociaciones entre el gobierno danés
y Maersk. Doscientos noventa y cuatro
días después, las partes no estaban cerca
de llegar a un acuerdo. Posteriormente
se acordaron condiciones de concesión
ligeramente más estrictas. El estado
danés exigía una extracción más rápida
de los recursos naturales y aseguraba
los derechos sobre el 40 % de la producción.
La producción de gas natural
comenzó en 1984, y el petróleo y el gas
daneses del Mar del Norte generaron ingresos
por primera vez en 1988.
En las décadas siguientes, el sistema
(a)
de transmisión estatal de gas propiedad
del estado de los campos petroleros privados
del Mar del Norte se comenzó a incorporar
gradualmente a las infraestructuras
térmicas nacionales. Los ingresos
fiscales del petróleo y el gas beneficiaron
a la complicada economía danesa y, en
parte, financiaron los crecientes costos
del estado de bienestar danés.
(b)
figura 8. (a) Una central de cogeneración de conversión de residuos en energía,
CopenHill, que también es una instalación recreativa al aire libre con (b)
una pista de esquí artificial y otras actividades al aire libre en el techo. CopenHill
abrió sus puertas en 2017. (Fuente: Press/CopenHill; utilizado con permiso).
noviembre/diciembre 2021i
Años 1990: independencia
energética y creciente
conciencia ambiental
El Plan de Acción Danés para la Energía
hacia 2000 de 1990 fue ampliamente
considerado como la primera estrategia
para la reducción de los gases de
efecto invernadero en el mundo. Este
plan energético danés sentó las bases
para las transiciones energéticas bajas
en carbono y las iniciativas de desarrollo
sostenible que siguieron. Este plan
tuvo como objetivo reducir los niveles
de consumo de energía y las emisiones
de CO2 a nivel nacional, planificar la
eliminación el carbón, sugerir subvenciones
para las iniciativas de eficiencia
energética e integración de energías
eee power & energy magazine
125
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December - Cover1
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December - Cover2
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December - 1
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December - 125
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December - 126
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IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December - Cover3
IEEE Power & Energy Magazine - Spanish - November/December - Cover4
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