IEEE PES T&D Conference & Exposition 2022 - 125

Advancements
in Line
Protection for
the Future Grid
By Scott Manson, Fernando Calero, and
Armando Guzman
A
ADVANCEMENTS IN LINE PROTECTION PROVIDE
effective protection in power systems with diverse combinations
of renewable and conventional generation. These
technological advancements improve grid resiliency when
the power system experiences reduced fault current levels
and abnormal current waveforms, which are common in
networks with inverter-based resources (IBRs) such as photovoltaic,
wind, and battery energy sources. The technologies
described in this article include advanced line current
differential protection, communications channels for protection
applications, high-accuracy traveling-wave (TW) fault
locating, and digital secondary systems (DSSs), also known
as digital substations. This article describes the fundamental
principles of these technologies.
Protection Challenges With IBRs
Rotating synchronous generators (SGs) typically provide
over five times their steady-state current rating for transient
short circuits. SG construction guarantees well-defined
angle relationships between voltages and currents during
fault conditions. Protective relays take advantage of these
predictable relationships between current and voltage waveforms
produced by SGs.
April 2022 Show Issue
There are several challenges to be considered when
designing a protective relaying scheme in which IBRs
are involved. IBRs have different fault current characteristics
than SGs. IBRs are designed within the constraints
of power electronic converters and heat dissipation systems.
IBRs limit their fault current magnitude contribution
to near-rated current. Per protective relaying defi nitions,
these are weak sources. Moreover, one of the most
disruptive characteristics of IBRs is that the IBR voltage
and current amplitudes and angles during transients are not
predictable. This unpredictability is because of the inverter
output, which is largely determined by proprietary control
schemes embedded into the fi rmware of an inverter. Some
protective relaying principles
that worked for decades
based on the comparison of voltage and current angles are
unreliable for IBRs. Moreover, some inverters force the
fault current contribution to be fully balanced (i.e., contain
only positive-sequence quantities) regardless of the type of
fault, which challenges sequence component-based protection
functions.
Current differential protection works reliably in networks
with SGs and IBRs. The sum of the currents into a node
should add up to zero. The relationship between voltages and
ieeepower & energy magazine
125

IEEE PES T&D Conference & Exposition 2022

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IEEE PES T&D Conference & Exposition 2022 - Intro
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