Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Following Spinal Cord Injury - 18

18

PRESSURE ULCER PREVENTION AND TREATMENT FOLLOWING SPINAL CORD INJURY

Figure 1: Common Locations of Pressure Ulcers

long-handled mirror or camera, whereas
individuals with higher levels of paraplegia and
tetraplegia who are unable to perform selfinspection must rely on a caregiver or
professional for thorough inspection.
Vidal and Sarrias (1991) reported that the
areas of the body with the highest prevalence of
pressure ulcers in the SCI population were the
ischium (28%), sacrum (21%), and trochanter
(20%). In the immediate post-SCI period, Mawson
et al. (1988) related that the most common area
were the sacrum (57%) and heel (22%).
Richardson and Meyer (198l) related that among
549 individuals with SCI, the most frequent single
site of pressure ulcers was the sacral region.
In a community sample of persons with SCI,
Garber et al. (1996) reported that 90% of persons
with paraplegia detected the ulcer by selfinspection or "feeling it," while 92% of persons

with tetraplegia reported that someone else
detected the ulcer first.
The skin should be visually inspected daily
with specific attention to bony prominences
(Bergstrom et al., 1992) to assess for any
changes in skin color (red areas, discolorations,
bruises) and in texture (dryness, raised areas,
cracks, scabs, blisters, rashes, shiny areas). The
skin should be touched to assess for warmth,
wetness, hardness, or softness (Pires and Muller,
1991). Bony prominences of the body to be
inspected are the ischial tuberosities, sacrum,
coccyx, greater trochanters (hips), heels, malleoli
(ankles), knees, scapulae, and elbows (Scotzin
and Sommer, 1993). (See Figure 1.) The
recommendation is for the individual with SCI to
be responsible for carrying out this task. If this is
physically or cognitively impossible, it is best if
one or two persons, such as a family member or
care provider, consistently assist with the task



Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Following Spinal Cord Injury

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Following Spinal Cord Injury

Contents
Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Following Spinal Cord Injury - Cover1
Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Following Spinal Cord Injury - Cover2
Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Following Spinal Cord Injury - i
Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Following Spinal Cord Injury - Contents
Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Following Spinal Cord Injury - iii
Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Following Spinal Cord Injury - iv
Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Following Spinal Cord Injury - v
Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Following Spinal Cord Injury - vi
Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Following Spinal Cord Injury - vii
Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Following Spinal Cord Injury - viii
Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Following Spinal Cord Injury - ix
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Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Following Spinal Cord Injury - xiv
Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment Following Spinal Cord Injury - 1
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