Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 36
Tech Report
Indoor location systems use a tag that emits a signal that is heard by an infrastructure of sensors usually mounted high up in the ceiling.
strength inside a building; the worst are signals that echo off walls and other structures and cancel each other out. Many of us have experienced poor FM radio reception when we stop at a red light, only to have the reception improve dramatically as we pull forward a few feet. This large swing in signal strength has nothing to do with the fact that we have altered our distance from the radio transmitter—we have hardly moved at all. Rather, the signal from the transmitter has bounced off surrounding buildings so that multiple versions of the same signal (echoes) arrive at our radio simultaneously. Sometimes these signals reinforce each other, and sometimes they cancel each other out. These combining echoes fool a signal-strength sensor into large errors in the estimated distance to a tag.
Inside a metallic building, echoes are a real problem for radio transmitters. Radio waves bounce off anything made of metal, and in a rail maintenance facility just about everything is made of metal. The constant reinforcing and cancelling effect of echoes, as tags move only small distances, cause signal strength location systems to be rather inaccurate, finding tags to within only 20 to 50 ft (6 to 15 m) of their actual location. This level of accuracy is of no use when individual tracks may be spaced apart by only a few feet. Echoes also affect time-of-arrival location systems but in a different and less damaging way. A time-of-arrival system measures how long it takes the signal to travel from a tag to a sensor, and since we know that the signal travels at the speed of light, we can calculate the range to the tag. But again, the signal actually arrives at the sensor many times over: the one that traveled directly from the tag to the sensor and the ones that bounced off walls, locomotives, shelves, and so on—multiple versions of the original signal echoing off everything. The one thing we know about echoes, however, is that they all arrive at the sensor after the original signal, since they all had to travel farther to get there (they had to go and bounce off something first). A signal-strength system that can distinguish the first arriving signal from all the others can therefore measure the distance to tags quite accurately. The reason UWB is the ideal indoor location technology is because it is a time-of-arrival system, but one further subtlety sets it apart from the other time-of-arrival systems. Echoes do indeed arrive later than the direct signal from a tag, but they can still overlap with that signal and cause timing problems.
36
An in-depth look at Infrastructure
SAE Vehicle Electrification evsae.com
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011
Contents
Infrastructure: a sense of connection
The buzz about electric aircraft
Car-to-X marks the secure beamforming spot
Talking big
Tech Report
What’s on evsae.com
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 1
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - Contents
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 3
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - Infrastructure: a sense of connection
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 5
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - The buzz about electric aircraft
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 7
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 8
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 9
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 10
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 11
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 12
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 13
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - Car-to-X marks the secure beamforming spot
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 15
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 16
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 17
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 18
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 19
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 20
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 21
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - Talking big
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 23
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 24
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 25
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 26
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 27
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - Tech Report
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 29
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 30
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 31
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 32
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 33
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 34
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 35
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 36
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - 37
Vehicle Electrification - November 30, 2011 - What’s on evsae.com
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https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/10AEMD0120
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/10OFHD0114
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/10AEID0119
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/10AEMD0113
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/10AEID0105_v2
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/10AEID0105
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/09AEMD1223
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/09AEMD1209
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/AUTODEC09
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/09AEMD1125
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/09AEMD1111
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/AUTONOV09
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/OFHNOV09
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/09AEMD1028
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/09AEMD1014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/OFHOCT09
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/AUTOOCT09
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/09AEMD0930
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/09AEMD0916
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/AUTOSEP09
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/09AEMD0902
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/09AEMD0819
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/OFHAUG09
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/09AEMD0805
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sae/AUTOAUG09
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com