Simulation/Software rFpro Autonomous vehicle testing in simulation. rFpro Library of AV scenarios Digital "twin" of real road at Applus+IDIADA proving ground in Spain created via Lidar scans. 32 May 2019 Hoyle envisages the creation of a national-and ideally, global-virtual library of possible scenarios to which AVs would be exposed, with every new failure mode discovered added to the database. For an AV to be "certified" as ready for road testing, it would have to successfully negotiate hundreds of thousands of such scenarios to prove that it was an order of magnitude safer than a human driver. "The final step would be to precisely replicate a sample of the tests at a proving ground to physically correlate the results," Hoyle said. Subjecting AVs to scenarios using models of public roads is critical to effectively training artificial intelligence (AI), stressed Hoyle: "The range of scenarios that could be faced by an AV interacting with other road users is almost infinite and you cannot 'calibrate' the response of AI systems because they have to learn by experience." It would mean that new situations would be continually encountered by development vehicles which, if undertaken on the road, would be too risky and too slow to accumulate the necessary experience. But if AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE ENGINEERING