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Table 2. Description of Statistical Training, Publication Rates,
and Confidence in Residents' Abilities (N = 202).
Characteristics
n (%)
Type of statistical training provideda
None
50 (24.6)
Database development/data manipulation
92 (46.5)
Study design considerations/selecting
131 (64.9)
statistical test
Descriptive statistics (eg, means, frequencies)
121 (59.9)
Basic univariate statistics (eg, chi-square, t
78 (38.6)
test, ANOVA, correlation)
Basic multivariate statistics (eg, multiple
39 (19.3)
logistic/linear regression)
Any advanced statistical techniques (eg,
13 (6.4)
nonparametric tests, polychotomous
regression, principal components analysis,
repeated-measures analyses, mixed modeling,
Poisson regression)
Problem-based interactive learning using a
14 (6.9)
statistical software
Hours of statistical training
0-2
111 (55.0)
3-5
57 (28.2)
6-8
15 (7.4)
8-10
7 (3.5)
>10
12 (5.9)
Use of a statistician
Never
59 (29.2)
1%-24%
54 (26.7)
25%-49%
18 (8.9)
50%-74%
23 (11.4)
75%-100%
48 (23.8)
Statistical software utilizeda
Excel
126 (44.1)
STATA
13 (4.6)
SAS
32 (11.2)
SPSS
52 (18.2)
No statistical software used
24 (8.4)
Otherb
35 (17.3)
Publication frequency of resident projects, n (%)
Never
53 (26.2)
1%-24%
104 (51.5)
25%-49%
26 (12.9)
50%-74%
13 (6.4)
75%-100%
6 (3.0)
RPDs' confidence in residents' statistical capabilities following
residency (Likert scale: 1 = no confidence, 5 = complete
confidence), n (%)
1
28 (13.9)
2
95 (47.0)
3
61 (30.2)
4
15 (7.4)
5
3 (1.5)
Note. ANOVA = analysis of variance; RPD = residency program director.
a
Categories are not mutually exclusive.
b
R, Sigma programs.
Discussion
To our knowledge, this study is the first description of statistical training practices in US pharmacy residencies. The
responses from programs in this survey indicate that there is
little statistical training and there may be a low level of confidence in many residents' capabilities to perform statistical
analysis. There are several possible explanations for limited
statistical training, low confidence of residents' statistical
abilities, and low project publication rates. First, the residency research project represents the introduction to clinical
research for many residents. A minority of pharmacy schools
have a requirement for a research project built into their
schools' curriculum.11 This means that the majority of residents entering their PGY1 residency understand research and
statistical theory, but have not had the practical application
that can help build proficiency. Because of this deficit in
application, it may be impractical to expect complete confidence in all residents' statistical capabilities after completion
of their research project. An additional explanation for low
project publication rates may be that IRB review is required
for projects to be published. IRB approval can be a lengthy
process at many institutions and may not be possible in the
time constraints of a residency. This may relegate residents
to more simple projects that are IRB exempt and do not
necessitate advanced statistical training to complete the project and are less likely to be published.
Previously published effective attempts at improving resident research experiences have included developing a team
of pharmacy preceptors with expertise in research to assist
residents throughout their research process, including some
training in statistics.12 The University of Minnesota Pharmacy
Residency Program described a mini-fellowship to help residents gain skill in statistical analyses. This program of
weekly meetings throughout residency produced several
manuscripts for publication.13 Residency programs in New
Mexico and Colorado have implemented research and statistical training programs with 7 sessions spread over the course
of the residency year.14,15 An analysis of the Colorado program found that, compared with residents who were not
involved in the program, there was an increase in residents'
confidence, but not knowledge of research methodology and
biostatistics.15 Other disciplines have also expanded training
to improve statistical training and dissemination of research
findings. A survey of internal medicine physician residents
found implementation of a program including accessible biostatistics support increased publication and national presentations of resident physician research.16
While having residency preceptors provide extensive statistical training to residents can be desirable, many preceptors are
either unfamiliar with research requirements and statistical
manipulations or do not have the necessary time to build a statistical training course for residents. In this case, another avenue to
improve knowledge is to pursue a third-party statistical training program. The ASHP Foundation and the American College
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018
Ed Board
TOC
HPX
Why Is Burnout a Taboo?
Stability of 2 mg/mL Adenosine Solution in Polyvinyl Chloride and Polyolefin Infusion Bags
Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir
New Medications in the Treatement of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
The Prescription Drug User Fee Act: Cause for Concern?
ISMP Medication Error Report Analysis
ISMP Adverse Drug Reactions
Development and Implementation of a Combined Master of Science and PGY1/PGY2 Health-System Pharmacy Administration Residency Program at a Large Community Teaching Hospital
Breadth of Statistical Training Among Pharmacy Residency Programs Across the United States
Antihypertensive Prescription Pattern and Compliance to JNC 7 and JNC 8 at Tertiary Care Government Hospital, Hyderabad, India: A Cross-sectional Retrospective Study
Changes in Pharmacy Residency Training Design Between 2012 and 2017: A Perspective of Academic Medical Centers
Incidence of Hypoglycemia in Burn Patients: A Focus for Process Improvement
Physical Compatibility of Micafungin With Sodium Bicarbonate Hydration Fluids Commonly Used With High-Dose Methotrexate Chemotherapy
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - Cover1
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - Cover2
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - Ed Board
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - TOC
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - HPX
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - Why Is Burnout a Taboo?
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - Stability of 2 mg/mL Adenosine Solution in Polyvinyl Chloride and Polyolefin Infusion Bags
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 74
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 76
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 77
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 78
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 79
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 80
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 81
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 82
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 83
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 84
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - New Medications in the Treatement of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 86
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 87
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - The Prescription Drug User Fee Act: Cause for Concern?
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 89
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - ISMP Medication Error Report Analysis
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 91
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 92
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - ISMP Adverse Drug Reactions
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 94
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 95
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - Development and Implementation of a Combined Master of Science and PGY1/PGY2 Health-System Pharmacy Administration Residency Program at a Large Community Teaching Hospital
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 97
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 98
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 99
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 100
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - Breadth of Statistical Training Among Pharmacy Residency Programs Across the United States
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 102
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 103
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 104
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 105
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 106
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - Antihypertensive Prescription Pattern and Compliance to JNC 7 and JNC 8 at Tertiary Care Government Hospital, Hyderabad, India: A Cross-sectional Retrospective Study
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 108
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 109
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 110
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 111
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 112
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - Changes in Pharmacy Residency Training Design Between 2012 and 2017: A Perspective of Academic Medical Centers
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 114
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 115
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 116
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 117
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 118
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 119
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 120
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - Incidence of Hypoglycemia in Burn Patients: A Focus for Process Improvement
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 122
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 123
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 124
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - Physical Compatibility of Micafungin With Sodium Bicarbonate Hydration Fluids Commonly Used With High-Dose Methotrexate Chemotherapy
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 126
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 127
Hospital Pharmacy - April 2018 - 128
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