Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 744

744

Hospital Pharmacy 52(11)

Table 1. Burnout Assessment of Inpatient Hospital Clinical
Pharmacists.
Burnout indices
Emotional exhaustion
Low score (≤18)
Moderate score
High score (≥27)
Depersonalization
Low score (≤5)
Moderate score
High score (≥10)
Personal accomplishment
Low score (≤33)
Moderate score
High score (≥40)
Burned out

Median score

Number (%)

28

-
231 (23.7)
228 (23.4)
515 (52.9)
-
443 (45.5)
213 (21.9)
318 (32.6)

6

34

-

477 (49.0)
396 (40.7)
101 (10.3)
596 (61.2)

Note. A respondent was determined to have burnout if his or her scores
for emotional exhaustion and/or depersonalization were in the "high"
categories.

the survey were not part of the requested target demographic
and were excluded. We excluded 175 respondents who did
not complete the MBI portion of the survey due to an inability to assess burnout without this information. A total of 103
individuals stated they currently practiced in ambulatory
care, which did not meet our target practice setting for this
pilot survey, and were also excluded. The remaining data
were reviewed to ensure that all respondents met the targeted
demographic of nonresident, practicing clinicians. Based
upon individual responses, we excluded 4 additional cases (1
who stated they were a resident and 3 who stated they no
longer actively practiced pharmacy) and used the remaining
974 survey responses for the final analysis for an included
response rate of 11.4%.
In the full cohort of respondents, the majority were young
(median age 35 years) females (69.5%) in a stable relationship (68.1%) who had practiced pharmacy for a median
number of 8 years. Most respondents reported working fulltime (97.4%) in an academic hospital setting (46.9% primary
university hospital and 30.8% community academic hospital) for a median of 48 hours per week. Nearly three-quarters
were certified by the Board of Pharmacy Specialties (73.0%),
and more than half completed some form of residency training (58.1%). A detailed summary of personal and practice
characteristics for all 974 survey participants is provided in
Supplemental Table 1.
A detailed breakdown of responses for the survey sections
related to professional stressors and job satisfaction is shown
in Figures 1 and 2. The direction clinical pharmacists believe
their careers will take is presented in Figure 3. Overall, 83.7%
were somewhat to very satisfied with their careers as clinical
pharmacists. A high percentage of respondents reported being
satisfied with their pharmacist (67.2%) and nonpharmacist
(76.6%) colleagues, their annual salary (64.0%), and the

intellectual challenge of their job (76.6%). However, participants were either neutral or dissatisfied with their work/life
balance (50.5%) and time allotted for professional growth
(63.4%). At least 50% of respondents felt that too many hours
worked (71.7%), inadequate research time (51.7%), inadequate administrative time (59.6%), and too many nonclinical
duties (51.5%) were professional stressors that had a moderate to large impact on their careers.
The burnout rate overall was 61.2% (Table 1) and largely
driven by high emotional exhaustion (52.9%). High depersonalization was reported in 32.6% of participants. Upon
univariate analysis, a smaller percentage of those who were
burned out reported being married or in a stable relationship
(65.3% vs 72.5%; P = .02). Those who were burned out were
less likely to have children (39.1% vs 49.2%; P = .002), work
more median hours each week (45 vs 50; P < .001), and were
more likely to be certified by the Board of Pharmacy
Specialties (68% vs 76.2%; P = .005). There were no differences observed in the burnout analysis related to hospital setting or practice area. Overall, numerous daily duties and
professional stressors were found to be different in the burnout analysis and are summarized in Table 2.

Factors Independently Associated With Burnout
The logistic regression model used to generate factors independently associated with burnout demonstrated an acceptable ability to differentiate between all outcomes and showed
no evidence of lack of fit based on the nonsignificant
Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic. Five factors were found to be
independently associated with burnout among hospital clinical pharmacists, the majority of which were subjective variables (Table 3). Age was the only objective factor and was
shown to be protective against burnout (OR: 0.96). Too many
nonclinical duties (OR: 2.3) was associated with the highest
odds of burnout. Other factors such as uncertainty regarding
health care reform (OR: 2.0), inadequate time for teaching
(OR: 1.8) and administrative activities (OR 1.9), difficult
pharmacist colleagues (OR: 2.1), and feeling that one's contributions were underappreciated by others (OR: 2.2) were
also found to independently increase the odds of burnout.

Discussion
Our pilot study used a validated scale to assess burnout
among clinical pharmacists who practice in the hospital setting within the United States and aimed to determine the feasibly of surveying this large group of health care professionals.
We report a burnout rate of 61.2%, one of the highest reported
rates of burnout among any medical specialty in the United
States (Table 4). Interestingly, the only groups with higher
reported rates of burnout primarily sampled physicians
enrolled in residency training programs.18,19 While the overall response rate was low at 11.4%, we noted several key
points that warrant further research.



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017

Knowing What Is Coming: The Importance of Monitoring the Pharmaceutical Pipeline
In Reply to “Postoperative Pain Management With Liposomal Bupivacaine in Patients Undergoing Orthopedic Knee and Hip Arthroplasty at a Community Hospital”
Letter to the Editor on “Enzyme Replacement or Substrate Reduction? A Review of Gaucher Disease Treatment Options”
Response to Letter to the Editor on “Enzyme Replacement or Substrate Reduction? A Review of Gaucher Disease Treatment Options”
Commentary: Exploring Novel Approaches to Staff Rewards and Recognition
Edaravone
Pharmaceutical Pipeline Update
BACE Inhibitors and Tau Protein Targeting Drugs in Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease
Direct and Indirect Remuneration Fees: The Controversy Continues
Factors Associated With Burnout Among US Hospital Clinical Pharmacy Practitioners: Results of a Nationwide Pilot Survey
In Vitro Evaluation of Eslicarbazepine Delivery via Enteral Feeding Tubes
Evaluation of Insulin Use and Hypoglycemia in Hospitalized Elderly Patients
Production Standard and Stability of Compounded del Nido Cardioplegia Solution
Lumbar Spine Surgeries and Medication Usage During Hospital Stay: One-Center Perspective
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 713
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 714
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 715
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 716
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 717
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 718
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 719
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 720
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - Knowing What Is Coming: The Importance of Monitoring the Pharmaceutical Pipeline
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 722
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - In Reply to “Postoperative Pain Management With Liposomal Bupivacaine in Patients Undergoing Orthopedic Knee and Hip Arthroplasty at a Community Hospital”
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 724
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - Letter to the Editor on “Enzyme Replacement or Substrate Reduction? A Review of Gaucher Disease Treatment Options”
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 726
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - Response to Letter to the Editor on “Enzyme Replacement or Substrate Reduction? A Review of Gaucher Disease Treatment Options”
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 728
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - Commentary: Exploring Novel Approaches to Staff Rewards and Recognition
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 730
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 731
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - Edaravone
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 733
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 734
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 735
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 736
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - BACE Inhibitors and Tau Protein Targeting Drugs in Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 738
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 739
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - Direct and Indirect Remuneration Fees: The Controversy Continues
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 741
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - Factors Associated With Burnout Among US Hospital Clinical Pharmacy Practitioners: Results of a Nationwide Pilot Survey
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 743
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 744
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 745
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 746
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 747
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 748
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 749
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 750
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 751
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - In Vitro Evaluation of Eslicarbazepine Delivery via Enteral Feeding Tubes
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 753
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 754
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 755
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 756
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 757
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 758
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 759
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 760
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - Evaluation of Insulin Use and Hypoglycemia in Hospitalized Elderly Patients
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 762
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 763
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 764
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 765
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - Production Standard and Stability of Compounded del Nido Cardioplegia Solution
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 767
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 768
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 769
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 770
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 771
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 772
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 773
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - Lumbar Spine Surgeries and Medication Usage During Hospital Stay: One-Center Perspective
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 775
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 776
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 777
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 778
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 779
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 780
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 781
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 782
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 783
Hospital Pharmacy - December 2017 - 784
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_december2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/psychologicalscience_demo
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_october2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/fai_202009
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_august2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_june2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_april2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_february2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_december2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_october2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/fai_201909
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_july2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_june2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/canadianpharmacistsjournal_05062019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_april2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/sri_supplement_201903
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_february2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/tec_20180810
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_october2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_julyaugust2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/fai_201807
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_april2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/sri_supplement_201803
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/slas_discovery_201712
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_february2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_december2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_november2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_october2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_september2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_julyaugust2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/fai_supplement_201709
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_june2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/hospitalpharmacy_may2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/fai_201706
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/sage/fai_201607
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com