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antibiotic use or clinical pathway for every type of surgery,
including any complicated surgery and other infectious diseases. Antibiotics should be selected more precisely, dosage
and frequency are to be improved, and appropriate route of
administration needs to be enhanced. We recommend single
dose administration of single narrow spectrum antibiotic
within a period of no more than 24 hours for surgical prophylaxis to prevent microbial resistant incidence. Hence, the
results of our study are valuable for future policy making in
this field. Creating awareness among medical staff, adaptation of antibiotic use policy by the Indonesian government,
and continuous monitoring and adjustment to improve will
lead to an improved Indonesian health care system with
respect to rational prophylactic antibiotic use.
Acknowledgments
This study was conducted in the framework of a collaboration
agreement between the Faculty of Pharmacy University of
Surabaya, Indonesia, and the Groningen Research Institute of
Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of
Groningen, the Netherlands. The authors would like to thank the
management of the two hospitals for allowing them to collect the
data from the patient files and to use them for the evaluation. They
also thank the staff for their cooperation, hospitality, and friendliness. They would like to thank to Erik Christopher, Klinik Bahasa,
Faculty Kedokteran, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Yogyakarta) for
helping to edit the manuscript.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect
to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD
Fauna Herawati

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8355-955X

Supplemental Material
Supplemental material for this article is available online.

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