SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 23
Feature Article
Figure 1. Cure temperature
capabilities for FDM
materials.
Note - In Figure 1 "FDM Support Materials" refers to a set of materials used in the FDM process as required to prevent collapse
of the primary "model" material in areas of overhangs. Such materials are also used to print sacrificial or wash-out tooling for
complex, "trapped tool" type designs.
prototype parts vs. production tooling). All of these
factors influence final design and construction of an FDM
tool and are addressed in detail in the Design Guide and
at a high level below.
improve ply compaction and simplify mandrel removal.
For female tools, particularly those with steep contours
and deep drafts, additional care is required to ensure
parts can be safely demolded without inducing tool or
part damage.
Cure Temperature
The cure temperature of the composite structure
primarily influences material selection. FDM materials are
capable of covering a broad range of cure temperatures,
as shown in Figure 1. As shown, ULTEM™ 1010 has the
highest temperature capability of relevant FDM materials.
The material also has the lowest CTE (refer to the next
section), making it the preferred and recommended
choice for the majority of composite tooling applications.
Thus, while tools made from PC and Ultem™ 9085
can withstand the cure cycle for a 125°C-cure material
system for example, ULTEM™ 1010 is likely still the
most appropriate choice to minimize expansion impacts.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE)
CTE is an important consideration for nearly all
composite lay-up tooling. The CTE was determined
using thermomechanical analysis (TMA) per ASTM E831
for relevant FDM materials and can be seen in Table 1,
along with that of common conventional tooling materials
for comparison.
As a result of the relatively high CTE of FDM materials,
it is an important consideration during tool design. Tool
designs can and typically should be compensated for
resulting dimensional changes. Detailed examples of
such adjustments are provided in the Design Guide. In
addition to geometric compensation, CTE differences
between the tool and final part materials are also
factors that impact tool type (male vs. female tools) and
potential complexity. For male tools, sizing the tools to
compensate for growth will frequently be adequate. And
for some applications, such as mandrels for winding
/ wrapping, the CTE can be used advantageously to
SAMPE Journal, Volume 52, No. 6, November/December 2016
23
http://smarttooling.com/products/smart-caul
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016
Contents
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - Cover1
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - Cover2
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - Contents
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 2
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 3
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 4
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 5
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 6
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 7
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 8
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 9
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 10
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 11
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 12
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 13
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 14
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 15
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 16
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 17
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 18
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 19
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 20
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 21
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 22
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 23
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 24
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 25
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 26
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 27
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 28
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 29
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 30
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 31
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 32
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 33
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 34
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 35
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 36
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 37
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 38
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SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - 40
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SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - Cover3
SAMPE Journal - November/December 2016 - Cover4
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