SAMPE Journal - May/June 2020 - 45
INTRODUCTION
Over the course of the past two decades, thermography has become a widely accepted method
for Nondestructive Testing (NDT) and Quality Assurance in the aerospace, power generation and
automotive industries. Thermography offers noncontact, curvature-tolerant NDT that requires only
single-side access to the part and provides results
in an image format. Its acceptance and growth as
a primary inspection method has been augmented by improved speed, resolution and sensitivity
of Infrared (IR) cameras, increasingly powerful,
compact and inexpensive personal computers and
standardized interfaces that allow real-time digital data transfer from camera to computer. Taken
together, these advances have enabled the development of dedicated algorithms for detection of
subsurface defects that significantly outperform
early efforts in the field, or unprocessed results, in
terms of depth range, probability of detection and
repeatability.
For many general thermography applications
(e.g. building energy surveys, fill detection in storage tanks, detection of electrical short circuits,
medical diagnostics) an IR camera measures the
w w w. s a m p e . o r g
instantaneous or average blackbody radiation
emitted from the target surface in order to determine its temperature. Most NDT applications
require active thermography, in which the test
sample is thermally excited and an IR camera measures its surface temperature response as the part
returns to equilibrium. Subsurface discontinuities,
e.g. voids, delamination or inclusions (e.g. water)
interrupt the diffusion of thermal energy from the
surface into the sample volume, and cause a transient change in the local surface temperature that
appears as a hot or cold spot in the resulting IR image. While direct viewing of the hot spot in the IR
image is sometimes used for qualitative inspection,
in current practice, the image sequence is typically
processed to enhance detection capability and enable quantitative analysis.
Flash Thermography
Although various methods for thermal excitation
(optical, electromagnetic induction, direct contact,
hot/cold air) have been successfully employed for
NDT, optical heating using a brief pulse from a xenon flash tube is the most widely deployed choice
due to its speed, sensitivity and consistency. In a
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SAMPE Journal - May/June 2020
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of SAMPE Journal - May/June 2020
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