SAMPE Journal - January/February 2025 - 46
FEATURE / FIRE RETARDED WASTE
Figure 4. HRR normalized to the measured peak HRR (~8 kW); further normalized by the resin mass fraction of each composite:
(a) wMP, (b) wMP/FR, (c) wGF/wMP, and (d) wGF/wMP/FR.
peak followed by a steady state period; this effect is
illustrated further in Figure 5.
The combination of wMP with both wGF and FR
(ATH) demonstrates the most similar behaviour to
that of a charring solid (i.e., reduces the rate of heat
transfer further into the pyrolysis region[37]
), and
this behaviour is seen across each heat flux tested.
For the FR cases, this effect is supported by the ATH
acting as a heat sink, reducing the energy available
for combustion of the polymer (see Figure 3, Figure
4, and Figure 5)[32]
. Opting to display the average
HRR curves of the wMP-based samples exposed at
the 60 kW/m2 heat flux is because 50 kW/m2
most commonly utilised value (alongside 35 kW/
m2
.
is the
), which corresponds to the heat flux observed
in developing fires (for small scale tests)[38]
3.3 Effective Heat of Combustion (Δc,eƒƒ) and
Species Yields (Yco&Yco2
)
The effective heat of combustion (EHC) can be
determined as a ratio of the HRR to the mass loss
rate[4]
. This term can be approximated as the total
integrated heat release (THR) over the course of
the experiment divided by the total mass lost over
the course of the experiment. The average EHC are
presented for each experimental configuration in
Figure 6.
The EHC for all configurations ranges from 30
kJ/g to 50 kJ/g and is fairly consistent across the
three investigated heat fluxes as expected. As the
EHC is calculated from the mass loss and heat
release during the experiment, the results should
represent the energy release of only the combustible
components, not that of the composite as a whole.
This is important as non-combustible components
will increase the mass of a composite while not
contributing any energy release. This results in
Figure 5. The average HRR normalized by the resin mass fraction comparing
the effects of FR on the burning behaviour (a) with, and (b) without wGF
reinforcement. Data presented for trials conducted at 60 kW/m2
.
46 | SAMPE JOURNAL | JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2025
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SAMPE Journal - January/February 2025
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of SAMPE Journal - January/February 2025
Contents
SAMPE Journal - January/February 2025 - Cover1
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SAMPE Journal - January/February 2025 - Contents
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