Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 761
(12, 17). There are 16 serovars but not all of them appear to be pathogenic. Most diseases are caused by serotypes 4b, 1/2a, and 1/2b, with 90% of these isolates found in processing areas (11). Because of its ubiquitous nature, L. monocytogenes is a difficult organism to control, especially in areas where ready-to-cook items are processed. L. monocytogenes can be inactivated in meat products heated to 70°C. However, because L. monocytogenes typically enters the food supply from the processing plant environment through cross contamination or environmental contamination after a heat treatment has been applied, it has become a major concern for the meat processing industry (16, 31). The attachment of bacteria and subsequent development of biofilms are a concern in food processing environments. Biofilms, which can lead to product contamination and spoilage (34, 35), can be characterized as complex bacterial communities in which the number of organisms, the type of bacterial species, and their interactions depend upon where the biofilm develop (23). Biofilms can form in a hydrated environment with the proper nutrients on a variety of hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces, including glass, metals, and plastics (26, 27). Biofilms in ready-toeat (RTE) meats have received increased interest recently because of potential cross contamination by L. monocytogenes embedded in the biofilms. This pathogen is of particular interest because it is commonly found in diverse environments, including soil, water, animal feed and animal feces (33); it can be isolated from refrigerated conditions; and it is a frequent resident in food processing plants (20). A particular challenge in minimizing microbial accumulations on equipment surfaces is the ability of many bacteria to produce extracellular polysaccharides that anchor cells to product contact and non-contact surfaces, creating biofilms. Biofilms can be defined as matrix-enclosed bacterial populations adhering to a surface or to each other. Biofilms in nature can have various levels of organization, as they exist in single or multiple species communities, which may form single or three-dimensional structures, or they may form aggregates such as flocs and granules (1, 5, 9). A natural biofilm community may function through collective behavior and coordinated activity, which assists survival of constituent cells in stressful environments. The majority of microorganisms in natural habitats are attached to surfaces (14), indicating the extent of the selective advantage for biofilm growth. Poor sanitation and hygienic conditions of food contact surfaces, equipment, and plant processing environments can contribute to foodborne disease outbreaks caused by pathogens such as L. monocytogenes and Salmonella. Improperly cleaned surfaces, plus the presence of water, contribute to the development of bacterial biofilms that may contain pathogenic microorganisms (6). The danger associated with biofilm formation is that over time, the sheltered and anchored bacteria can become loosened and can contaminate product flowing over the biofilms. This action can result in product contamination over time and a potential for recalls. Another danger is that bacteria in biofilms are more resistant to heat and in general are more resistant to removal by cleaning agents and destruction by sanitizers (18, 24, 26, 29, 32). Biofilms generally form in crevices and hard-to-reach places. Therefore, hygienically designed conveyor belts can minimize the risk associated with biofilms and can help reduce biofilm formation. An especially important and often overlooked consideration in manufacture of sanitary equipment is the design of conveyor belts. The high usage and hard-to-clean areas of conveyor belts make them excellent environments for bacterial harborage and biofilm formation. Recently, an equipment manufacturer began to modify its belts by forming a one-piece integrated shaft / drive component assembly. Having the drive shafts and components machined from a single piece of metal improves cleanability, decreases water pooling that can harbor bacteria, and helps to eliminate the possibility of pathogens harboring between a shaft and gear or in other hard-to-clean areas of the drive system. Another important design detail improving sanitation lies in the ease of disassembly and reassembly of equipment and conveyor belts. Equipment designs that facilitate rapid, easy disassembly without tools can promote proper cleaning and maintenance of equipment. For example, open mesh belts with 70% open structure do not need to be removed from the conveyor system for cleaning. Not only do these open mesh belts make the practice of removing belts prior to cleaning easy, but their open structures maximize product exposure, making these belts exceptionally suitable for drainage, convection air current and batter coating applications. Also, designs such as these open belt structures reduce or eliminate areas where product or debris can become lodged and improve product safety by decreasing the potential for biofilm formation. In previous studies, a variety of experimental procedures were used to determine biofilm attachment, making it difficult to draw practical conclusions for application by processors. Many studies included biofilms that were developed between 8 to 14 days before being evaluated, although the clean-up period in the processing plant usually does not allow more than 18–48 hours for biofilm buildup (8, 13). Generally, the clean-up and sanitation periods (or third shift) occur after two full production shifts totaling 16–18 h. Therefore, if clean-up and sanitation are performed properly, there should be only a 16–18 h time frame from clean-up to clean-up for biofilms to form. However, weekends can extend this time frame by adding an additional 24–28 hours between clean ups. In this research, our objective was to determine the impact of various materials encountered in processing plant environments on the attachment of, and biofilm formation by, L. monocytogenes. In this project we standardized some of the variables reported in previous biofilm studies with L. monocytogenes. It can be assumed that bacterial attachment to all food surfaces does occur, and understanding the phenomenon of the design of processing belts would be advantageous to meat and poultry industries with respect to product qual- NOVEMBER 2008 | FOOD PROTECTION TRENDS 761
Food Protection Trends - November 2008
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Food Protection Trends - November 2008
Food Protection Trends - November 2008
Contents
Sustaining Members
Perspectives from Your President
Commentary from the Executive Director
Biofilm Formation of Listeria monocytogenes on Various Conveyor Belt Surfaces
Third-Party Certification of Agro-Products in China: A Study of Agro-Product Producers in Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hangzhou and Qingdao
IAFP 2008 in Review
Award Winners
3M Microbiology - Black Pearl Award Winner
Ivan Parkin Lecture - Russell S. Flowers
John H. Silliker Lecture - Michael P. Doyle
Student Travel Scholarships
Session Summaries
Highlights of the Executive Board Meeting
Minutes of the 95th Annual Business Meeting
Committee Minutes
Executive Board Response to Committee Recommendations
Exhibitors of IAFP 2008
Special Contributors and Sponsors
Call for Awards - IAFP 2009
New Members
What's Happening in Food Safety
Industry Products
Coming Events
Advertising Index
Journal of Food Protection Table of Contents
Audiovisual Library Order Form
Booklet Order Form
Membership Application
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Food Protection Trends - November 2008
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Cover2
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 745
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Contents
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 747
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 748
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 749
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 750
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 751
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 752
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Sustaining Members
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 754
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 755
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Perspectives from Your President
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 757
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Commentary from the Executive Director
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 759
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Biofilm Formation of Listeria monocytogenes on Various Conveyor Belt Surfaces
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 761
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 762
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 763
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 764
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Third-Party Certification of Agro-Products in China: A Study of Agro-Product Producers in Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hangzhou and Qingdao
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 766
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 767
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 768
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 769
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 770
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - IAFP 2008 in Review
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 772
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 773
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 774
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 775
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Award Winners
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 777
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 778
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 779
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 780
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 781
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 782
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 783
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 784
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 785
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 786
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 787
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 788
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 789
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 790
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 791
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 792
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 793
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 3M Microbiology - Black Pearl Award Winner
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 795
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Ivan Parkin Lecture - Russell S. Flowers
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 797
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 798
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 799
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - John H. Silliker Lecture - Michael P. Doyle
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 801
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 802
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 803
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Student Travel Scholarships
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 805
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 806
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 807
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Session Summaries
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 809
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 810
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 811
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 812
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 813
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 814
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 815
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 816
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 817
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 818
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 819
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 820
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 821
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 822
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 823
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 824
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 825
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 826
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 827
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 828
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 829
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 830
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 831
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 832
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Highlights of the Executive Board Meeting
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Minutes of the 95th Annual Business Meeting
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 835
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Committee Minutes
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 837
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 838
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 839
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 840
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 841
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 842
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 843
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 844
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 845
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 846
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 847
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 848
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 849
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 850
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 851
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 852
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 853
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 854
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 855
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 856
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 857
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Executive Board Response to Committee Recommendations
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 859
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 860
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 861
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 862
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 863
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 864
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 865
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Exhibitors of IAFP 2008
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 867
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 868
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 869
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 870
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Special Contributors and Sponsors
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 872
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 873
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Call for Awards - IAFP 2009
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 875
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - New Members
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 877
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 878
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 879
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - What's Happening in Food Safety
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 881
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 882
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 883
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 884
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Industry Products
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 886
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 887
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 888
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 890
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Advertising Index
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Journal of Food Protection Table of Contents
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - 893
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Audiovisual Library Order Form
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Booklet Order Form
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Membership Application
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Cover3
Food Protection Trends - November 2008 - Cover4
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