Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 317
TABLE 1. Quantity and frequencies of aerobic-mesophilic bacteria (AMB), total coliforms
(TC), fecal coliforms (FC), and E. coli in bottled purified water samplesa
Microorganism
Group
Minimum
Median
Maximum
Frequency (%)
AMB
TC
FC
E. coli
1.12
<1.1
<1.1
<1.1
3.18
1.1
<1.1
<1.1
6.45
>8
>8
4.6
20 (100)
11 (55)
6 (30)
2 (10)
n = 20. Minimum, median, and maximum values are in log CFU/mL for AMB and in MPN/100 mL for TC, FC, and E. coli.
a
TABLE 2. Microbiological indicators for which bottled purified water samplesa were
outside the 041 Guideline
Microorganism group
No. of samples outside of the 041 Guidelineb* (%)
Only AMB
Only TC
Both AMB and TC
Total
7 (35)
5 (25)
6 (30)
18 (90)
n = 20.
*Guideline that establishes that purified water bottled must not exceed the limit of 2 log CFU/mL (100 CFU/mL) of AMB and the
presence of TC must not be detectable in any 100 mL (<1.1 MPN/100 mL).
a
b
In this study, all water samples contained AMB, and 13
(65%) of them were outside the 041 Guideline: 7 (35%)
samples exceeded the maximum allowed limit for only
AMB and 6 (30%) samples exceeded both indicators (AMB
plus TC; Table 2). These results were higher (0 to 33.3%)
than those reported by Abd El-Salam et al. (1) in Egypt,
Igbeneghu and Lamikanra (15) in Nigeria, Osei et al. (28)
in Ghana, and Venkatesan et al. (38) in India. In general, a
high concentration of AMB can be taken as an indication of
deterioration in water quality and as a sign of the presence
of human pathogenic microorganisms (23, 39). A high
level of AMB in water indicates the potential presence of
(opportunistic) pathogens such as Aeromonas, Klebsiella, and
Pseudomonas (39) that can spread disease to humans (23)
and importantly to immune-compromised persons whose
risk of severe infections is high (15).
Other bacterial groups commonly used to monitor water
quality are TC of which FC are a subset and E. coli is the
most important species. If one of these groups is detected,
it means that a contamination of fecal origin has occurred,
and some of these microorganisms can potentially cause
disease (40). TC should be absent immediately after
disinfection, and the presence of these organisms indicates
inadequate treatment (40). In our study, 55% of the water
samples in total were positive for TC. Our results are
higher than the results reported for Egypt, Nigeria, and
Nepal (25 to 28.6% of samples) (1, 15, 29). Our results
differ from those reported by Venkatesan et al. (38) in
Chennai, India, who reported that none of the bottled
water samples analyzed contained TC. Regarding FC
and E. coli, we identified 30 and 10% of positive samples,
respectively. Our results differ from the results reported
for Egypt, Uganda, Nepal, and India, where none of the
purified water samples were found to be positive for
FC and E. coli (1, 13, 29, 38). A high concentration of
bacteria in bottled water may occur through carriers such
as introduced flakes of human skin (29). For this reason,
we recommend that water plant workers be checked
constantly to identify asymptomatic carriers of enteric
bacterial pathogens. The high percentage of bottled water
samples outside of the guidelines may be due to inefficient
disinfection processes by the purification plants. The
introduction of microorganisms might also occur during
the processing or handling of water (29) or from a lack of
stringent treatment of containers before filling with the
purified water (27). Therefore, frequent monitoring by
September/October Food Protection Trends
317
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020
Self-Reported Food Safety Behaviors in Independent Chinese and Mexican Restaurants in Kansas
Microbiological Quality of Bottled Water Obtained from Mexican Small Water Purification Plants: A Pilot Study, Carried Out in Morelia (Central Mexico)
Listeria monocytogenes Occurrence and Adherence to Recommendations: Small and Large Retail Delicatessens in Iowa
Utilization of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods to Investigate the Impacts of a Pilot Media Campaign Targeting Safe Cooking Techniques and Proper Thermometer Use
Defining the Flow and Food Safety Behaviors of Actors in the Cambodian Vegetable Value Chain
Beyond the Bio Yaohua "Betty" Feng
PDG Highlight Meat and Poultry Safety and Quality PDG
General Interest Paper Identifying Vulnerable Populations at Risk of Foodborne Infection: People with Diabetes Mellitus
Industry Products
Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Cover1
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Cover2
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 289
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 290
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 291
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 292
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 293
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 294
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 295
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Self-Reported Food Safety Behaviors in Independent Chinese and Mexican Restaurants in Kansas
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 297
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 298
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 299
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 300
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 301
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 302
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 303
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 304
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 305
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 306
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 307
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 308
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 309
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 310
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 311
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 312
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 313
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Microbiological Quality of Bottled Water Obtained from Mexican Small Water Purification Plants: A Pilot Study, Carried Out in Morelia (Central Mexico)
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 315
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 316
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 317
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 318
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 319
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Listeria monocytogenes Occurrence and Adherence to Recommendations: Small and Large Retail Delicatessens in Iowa
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 321
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 322
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 323
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 324
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 325
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 326
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 327
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 328
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 329
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 330
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 331
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Utilization of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods to Investigate the Impacts of a Pilot Media Campaign Targeting Safe Cooking Techniques and Proper Thermometer Use
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 333
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 334
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 335
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 336
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 337
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 338
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 339
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 340
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 341
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 342
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 343
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 344
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 345
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 346
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 347
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 348
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Defining the Flow and Food Safety Behaviors of Actors in the Cambodian Vegetable Value Chain
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 350
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 351
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 352
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 353
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 354
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 355
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 356
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 357
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 358
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 359
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 360
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 361
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 362
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 363
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Beyond the Bio Yaohua "Betty" Feng
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 365
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 366
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 367
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 368
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 369
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 370
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 371
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 372
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - PDG Highlight Meat and Poultry Safety and Quality PDG
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - General Interest Paper Identifying Vulnerable Populations at Risk of Foodborne Infection: People with Diabetes Mellitus
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 375
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 376
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 377
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 378
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 379
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Industry Products
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 381
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 382
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - 383
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Coming Events
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Cover3
Food Protection Trends - September/October 2020 - Cover4
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