Food Protection Trends - November/December 2020 - 448

peer-to-peer interactions helps to solidify the learning and
identify trainer knowledge gaps.
The overarching goal of preparing participants to
train growers using the PSA standardized training goes
beyond simply attending the PSA Train-the-Trainer
Course. Trainers will need continued support through
mentoring opportunities to gain experience in teaching
the PSA Grower Training Course and through technical
assistance and timely updates. As the FSMA PSR evolves
and regulatory policies and guidance are finalized and/or
updated (e.g., Subpart E-Agricultural Water provisions),
trainers will need a consistent and accurate conduit for
receiving information to incorporate into PSA Grower
Training Courses. The PSA has been responsive to these
changes and utilizes several mechanisms to facilitate
communication and allow trainers to connect with the
information, resources, and technical assistance they
may need. The development of additional activities and
supplemental materials for trainers to utilize in PSA
grower trainings will continue to be a critical priority to
ensure that the curriculum is effective and engaging for
a variety of stakeholders' educational needs. Working
collaboratively with the FSMA Regional Centers and other
industry partners will enable the sharing of ideas, tools, and
resources without duplicating efforts. The field of produce
safety is constantly evolving with new research findings,
adoption of new farming practices, and key findings from

outbreak investigations. In the future, trainers must have
access to continuing education opportunities to share
the most recent science, best practices, and regulatory
updates. The PSA is responding to these needs by working
collaboratively to develop advanced trainer workshops and
supplemental modules on complex subject matter areas.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The work of the PSA is supported by funding from
the FDA and the USDA. Any opinions, findings, and
conclusions expressed in this article are those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the FDA
or the USDA. We thank the growers, industry members,
regulators, and educators who contributed valuable
thoughts in the development of this training program.
The authors also thank Michele Humiston and Rob Way,
who are integral members of the PSA team. Without
their contributions to the trainer database, evaluation
management, and graphic design, this work would not
have been possible. In addition, we acknowledge the very
important contribution of the PSA Trainers, who provided
valuable feedback on their course evaluations. These
contributions have resulted in changes to the curriculum
and how it is presented and continues to help the PSA
improve the standardized curriculum and the training
program overall.

REFERENCES
1. Bennett, S. D., S. V. Sodha, T. L. Ayers,
M. F. Lynch, L. H. Gould, and R. V. Tauxe.
2018. Produce-associated foodborne disease
outbreaks, USA, 1998-2013. Epidemiol.
Infect. 146:1397-1406.
2. Bloom, B. S. 1984. Taxonomy of educational
objectives. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA.
3. Clements, D. P. 2019. Draft PSA GT course
manuscript, 27 August (dmp274@cornell.
edu). Available from the author at: woodskl@
aces.edu.
4. Hallyburton, A., and L. A. Evarts. 2014.
Gender and online health information
seeking: a five survey meta-analysis. J.
Consum. Health Internet 18(2):128-142.
5. Interagency Food Safety Analytics
Collaboration. 2018. Foodborne illness
source attribution estimates for 2016 for
Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157, Listeria
monocytogenes, and Campylobacter using
multi-year outbreak surveillance data, United
States. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta.
6. Knowles, M. 1990. The adult learner: a
neglected species, 4th ed. Gulf, Houston, TX.
7. Painter, J. A., R. M. Hoekstra, T. Ayers,
R. V. Tauxe, C. R. Braden, F. J. Angulo, and
P. M. Griffin. 2013. Attribution of foodborne
illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths to

448

food commodities by using outbreak data,
United States, 1998-2008. Emerg. Infect. Dis.
19:407-415.
8. Porter, S. R., and M. E. Whitcomb. 2005.
Non-response in student surveys: the role
of demographics, engagement and personality. Res. High Edu. 46(2):127-152.
9. Produce Safety Alliance. 2011. GAPs
education and training materials conference.
Proceedings. Available at: https://
producesafetyalliance.cornell.edu/sites/
producesafetyalliance.cornell.edu/files/
shared/documents/2011-PSA-Proceedings.
pdf. Accessed 12 July 2019.
10. Produce Safety Alliance. 2012. Farmer focus
group summary report. Available at: https://
producesafetyalliance.cornell.edu/sites/
producesafetyalliance.cornell.edu/files/
shared/documents/FocusGroupSummary.
pdf. Accessed 12 July 2019.
11. Produce Safety Alliance. 2019. Project
milestones. Available at: https://
producesafetyalliance.cornell.edu/alliance/
project-milestones/. Accessed 29 May 2019.
12. Produce Safety Alliance. 2019. Trainer and
lead trainer process. Available at: https://
producesafetyalliance.cornell.edu/training/
train-trainer-course/psa-trainer-and-leadtrainer-process/. Accessed 29 May 2019.

Food Protection Trends November/December

13. Produce Safety Alliance. 2019. Trainer
directory. Available at: http://resources.
producesafetyalliance.cornell.edu/directory/.
Accessed 31 May 2019.
14. Smith, G. 2008. Does gender influence
online survey participation? A record-linkage
analysis of university faculty online survey
response behavior. Available at: https://files.
eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED501717.pdf. Accessed
16 January 2020.
15. Stull, K., K. R. Schneider, M. D. Danyluk,
R. M. Goodrich Schneider, T. K. Chapin,
A. Harder, A. Jackson-Davis, L. Kassama,
R. Pacumbaba, E. Myles, A. Philyaw Perez,
K. Gibson, C. Shoulders, K. Woods,
C. Carter, J. Northcutt, K. Baker, K. Sarjeant,
M. Harrison, J. Harrison, L. Dunn,
P. Vijayakumar, M. Morgan, A. Adhikari,
J. Silva, J. O'Banner, C. Gunter, B. Chapman,
E. Rogers, C. Simmons, R. McReynolds,
R. Jadeja, D. Jaroni, M. Ma, L. Feliciano
Orellana, M. Plaza, J. Latorre, E. Negron,
A. Wszelaki, M. Morgan, A. Fouladkhah,
T. M. Taylor, A. Castillo, J. Masabni,
B. Vaughan, F. Malekian, L. K. Strawn,
A. Vallotton, R. Williams, R. Boyer, J. Eifert,
and R. Balasubramanian. 2019. Southern
Center for Food Safety Training, Outreach
and Technical Assistance and Lead Regional
Coordination Center, p. 65. In Proceedings
of the Southern Region Integrated Produce
Food Protection Trends - November/December 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Food Protection Trends - November/December 2020
