Autonomous Vehicle Engineering - July 2021 - 14

V2X
Figure 1: The simple common traffic
scenario in which the interference is calculated
at the victim radar (green) and is
generated by the other vehicles (red).
Figure 2: A radar sensor
with a digital part (DSP),
the transmitter and
receiver front end.
A common traffic scenario is shown in Figure
1: Vehicles that have long-range, front-facing radar
with a relatively narrow field of view (FoV) approach
each other. Interference happens as the FoV of the two
sensors overlap, and the radars are active simultaneously
and in the same frequency spectrum.
Radar interference techniques
There are three classes of techniques available to
mitigate radar interference without affecting overall
system performance, as shown in Figure 2. The first
class of techniques avoids the saturation of the front
end, which happens when a radar sensor is exposed
to a strong interferer. The second class manages digital
interference by recognizing and removing the interference
in the digital domain. The third class avoids
interference by adapting the radar waveform to reduce
the probability of interfering with other radars.
These techniques attempt to mitigate the adverse
effects of interference before or after it happens.
As they are implemented to every sensor in their
respective radar system independently, they do not
provide a robust strategy to avoid interference in a
structured manner.
A possible approach could be to statically allocate
resources to radar applications. For instance, front and
rear radars could use non-overlapping parts of the
spectrum to avoid the worst-case interference scenario
of a front-looking radar illuminating the rear-looking
radar of the car in front. Using different polarizations
for different applications might mitigate this worstcase
scenario as well, but proper considerations on the
influence of polarization on the FoV of the antenna and
on the propagation should be considered.
For more advanced solutions, the radar sensor
could borrow channel access rules developed by the
telecommunication industries, such as TDMA, FDMA,
CDMA, or OFDMA. Alternatively, the solution could
take a more randomly-determined approach, using
protocols such as ALOHA, CSMA, or CSMA-CA.
This is usually deployed at the medium access control
(MAC) layer of the communications stack.
Following the former approach would require a
form of centralized coordination, which means that
every radar sensor should communicate to a central
unit, e.g., the telecommunication infrastructure,
what it would like to do. It should receive the time
and frequency slot back from the infrastructure that
14 July 2021
AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE ENGINEERING
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Autonomous Vehicle Engineering - July 2021

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