Automotive Engineering - May 2024 - 24

BATTERIES & RECYCLING:
THE NEXT
FRONTIER
Factorial's Siyu Huang.
Hexagon's digital twin technology can be used to improve a battery pack's
recyclability, and to scan other parts of a vehicle.
removed at " a dealership, an auto shop, a scrap yard,
or similar type of facility " are not considered household
hazardous waste.
Solid-state is easier
Woburn, Massachusetts-based Factorial Energy is developing
quasi-solid-state batteries for future EVs, and
is already working on how to recycle them at end-oflife.
In June 2023, Factorial announced it would work
with the South Korean chaebol (conglomerate) Young
Poong to build out recycling capabilities.
" There are quite a few recycling companies in the
Factorial's FEST (Factorial Electrolyte System Technology) 100+ Ah quasi-solidstate
battery cell.
Officially, the U.S. EPA recommends that businesses manage used
lithium batteries as hazardous waste, which means the batteries need
to be sent to a permitted hazardous waste disposal facility or a hazardous
waste recycler as their final destination. If these waste batteries
are being shipped internationally, they need to comply with RCRA
requirements for the export and import of universal waste.
Domestically, the Department of Transportation regulations for shipping
lithium batteries apply as well to shipping lithium batteries as
hazardous waste, even though the EPA says EV batteries that are
24 May 2024
U.S., but most of them have been focused on lithiumion, "
Factorial co-founder and CEO Siyu Huang told
SAE Media. " At the time, Young Poong was the only
one that we knew was working on lithium metal recycling,
and the process is quite different from lithium
ion. [This] can help us reduce the cost of the cell in the
future because we are a cell maker, and there are always
cells coming out of the scrap and there are endof-life
cells from our customers, so it's good to have
value generated at end of the life. "
Huang said solid-state batteries, if they ever gain
widespread acceptance in EVs, will be easier to recycle
than today's Li-ion packs.
" Solid state is, by nature, safer for disassembly compared
to lithium-ion, " she said. " It has more solid than
liquid. Potentially, it also has better regenerative value,
too, because recycling lithium metal as the anode is
probably going to be more valuable than recycling
carbon or silicon in the anode. "
Currently, Factorial needs to ship components to be
recycled to Young Poong facilities in South Korea, but is
" actively looking for local suppliers that can do recycling
in North America, " Huang said. " A lot of them are
AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING
CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT: HEXAGON MANUFACTURING INTELIGENCE; FACTORIAL; FACTORIAL

Automotive Engineering - May 2024

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