Chapter 1: Burden of Digestive Disorders Figure 121. Percentage of age−standardised DALY rates for oesophageal cancer attr ibutable to modifiable risk factors in 2019, and percentage change from 2000−2019, f or 44 UEG member countries % change from 2000 Smoking Montenegro Bulgaria Czechia Romania Croatia Hungary Estonia Latvia North Macedonia Serbia Lithuania Russian Federation Slovakia Poland Germany Bosnia and Herzegovina Greece Ukraine Slovenia Belgium Austria Spain Luxembourg Denmark France United Kingdom Switzerland Portugal Netherlands Albania Sweden Ireland Georgia Azerbaijan Armenia Finland Italy Turkey Norway Tunisia Morocco Algeria Egypt Israel 0% −10% −2% 0% −2% −6% −3% −4% 0% 1% −2% −9% −10% 3% −7% 3% −7% 13% 3% −12% −4% −11% −7% −19% −14% −3% −12% −16% 15% −19% 9% −21% −10% −13% −7% −6% 14% −1% −7% −34% −13% 10% −2% −6% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Alcohol use 0% −1% 11% 13% 9% −4% −5% 6% 2% 1% 9% 6% −3% −3% −1% −1% 10% 35% −11% −8% −3% −2% −4% −7% −2% 0% −4% −2% 25% −3% 41% −4% 5% −9% 4% 30% 24% 38% −9% 46% 45% 67% −17% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 % 5% High body−mass index 16% 10% 11% 21% 23% 9% 20% 18% 19% 20% 21% 15% 7% 28% 10% 5% 15% 25% 12% 2% 13% 12% 13% 14% 9% 10% 12% 10% 30% 15% 13% 12% 15% 5% 8% 50% 43% 26% 20% 14% 8% 21% 35% 29% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Source: authors' compilation using GBD 2019 data White Book 2: Part 1 131