Chapter 2: Burden by Level of Development Univariate linear regression analysis showed that amongst the 35 European countries, higher levels of human development were statistically significantly associated with lower agestandardised DALY rates for the majority of the digestive diseases and cancers in 2019 (Table 7). Table 7. Results of univariate linear regression models showing association between agestandardised DALY rates per 100,000 for digestive disorders and the HDI, in 2019, for 35 European UEG member countries Model 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Dependent variable (Age-standardised DALY rate per 100,000) Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to alcohol use Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis B Cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases due to hepatitis C Cirrhosis due to NAFLD Appendicitis Gallbladder and biliary diseases Gastritis and duodenitis Gastroesophageal reflux disease Pancreatitis Peptic ulcer disease Diarrhoeal diseases Inflammatory bowel disease Inguinal, femoral, and abdominal hernia Paralytic ileus and intestinal obstruction Vascular intestinal disorders Colon and rectum cancer Gallbladder and biliary tract cancer Liver cancer Oesophageal cancer Pancreatic cancer Stomach cancer Estimate -87.5 -55.9 -47.3 -12.0 -1.1 -20.7 -4.1 -11.1 -45.3 -25.1 -61.8 12.1 -10.8 -11.5 -12.0 -86.4 -6.9 -33.1 21.5 -19.9 -119.4 95% CI (lower) -167.1 -90.7 -86.1 -30.4 -2.2 -36.2 -6.6 -20.0 -77.9 -40.9 -78.5 4.3 -14.1 -19.0 -25.0 -145.9 -14.9 -57.4 4.2 -38.2 -148.2 95% CI (upper) -7.9 -21.2 -8.6 6.4 0.0 -5.2 -1.6 -2.3 -12.7 -9.3 -45.0 19.9 -7.4 -4.0 1.0 -26.8 1.0 -8.8 38.7 -1.6 -90.5 p-value R2 0.032 0.200 0.002 0.324 0.018 0.275 0.193 0.108 0.058 0.145 0.011 0.122 0.002 0.161 0.015 0.168 0.008 0.264 0.003 0.256 <0.001 0.441 0.004 0.227 <0.001 0.383 0.004 0.282 0.069 0.115 0.006 0.231 0.086 0.054 0.009 0.281 0.017 0.164 0.034 0.137 <0.001 0.675 Models based on data from 35 European UEG member countries. Standard errors and confidence intervals calculated using robust estimation. HDI entered into models on a scale of 0-10. Negative estimates indicate a relationship of decreasing age-standardised DALY rates with increasing HDI. Data for 2019 extracted from Global Burden of Disease Study and United Nations Development Programme. CI = Confidence interval. DALY = Disability-Adjusted Life Year. HDI = Human Development Index. White Book 2: Part 1 156