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Chapter 3: Economic Burden
INDIRECT COSTS
An output-based approach, developed by Pandey et al.,125 was used to estimate the
economic cost of morbidity and premature mortality due to digestive diseases for 31
countries. The economic cost of morbidity was estimated as the lost market and non-market
output due to digestive disease related disability in 2019. The economic cost of premature
mortality was estimated as the present discounted value of lost market and non-market
output due to digestive disease related deaths in 2019. Detailed methods can be found in the
Appendix. Results are reported as a percentage of country gross domestic product (GDP) and
Euros per capita (see Appendix for results in Euros).*
In total, indirect costs for digestive diseases for the 31 countries combined amounted to an
estimated €89 billion in 2019, on average 0.47% of GDP. The estimated cost of lost output
due to digestive disease related morbidity as a percentage of GDP ranged from 0.09% in
Ireland to 0.38% in Italy (Figure 145), whilst the cost of lost output due to digestive disease
related premature mortality as a percentage of GDP ranged from 0.07% in Turkey to 0.44% in
Romania (Figure 146). On average across the 31 countries, the estimated cost of lost output
due to digestive disease related morbidity and premature mortality as a percentage of GDP
was 0.22% and 0.25%, respectively.
Table 10 demonstrates the benefits of reducing digestive disease related premature mortality
in monetary terms. If, across the 31 countries, digestive disease related premature mortality
were reduced by 25%, 50% or 75% in 2019, the estimated savings from the prevention of
productivity losses would have amounted to a total of €11.4, €22.8 or €34.2 billion,
respectively. Reducing digestive disease related premature mortality by 25% in 2019 would
have resulted in estimated savings of approximately €2.97 billion in Germany, €1.77 billion in
the UK, and €1.4 billion in France, for example.
*Costs are not adjusted for price differentials between countries which will explain some betweencountry
variation in the results. For example, costs per capita may appear higher in wealthier
countries due to the higher cost of wages within these countries. Hence it is intended that the results
be used to assess costs of digestive diseases within countries, rather than to compare costs between
countries. Several assumptions were made in the calculation of these cost estimates, as detailed in
the Appendix.
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