Chapter 3: Economic Burden ...................................................................... 161 Indirect Costs ............................................................................................................ 162 Indirect costs by disease ................................................................................................ 166 Inpatient Costs .......................................................................................................... 169 Inpatient costs by disease .............................................................................................. 169 Projecting inpatient costs to 2035 ................................................................................. 172 Discussion ................................................................................................. 174 Public health burden of digestive diseases and cancers ............................................... 174 Economic impact of digestive diseases.......................................................................... 176 Opportunities to reduce the burden ............................................................................. 177 Limitations and further research ................................................................................... 179 Appendix ................................................................................................... 182 Methods: Chapter 1 .................................................................................................. 182 Study population ............................................................................................................ 182 Measures and data sources ........................................................................................... 183 Methods: Chapter 2 .................................................................................................. 187 Measures and data sources ........................................................................................... 187 Calculations .................................................................................................................... 187 Methods: Chapter 3 .................................................................................................. 191 Indirect Costs ............................................................................................................ 191 Measures and data sources ........................................................................................... 191 Calculations .................................................................................................................... 193 Inpatient Costs .......................................................................................................... 195 Measures and data sources ........................................................................................... 195 Calculations .................................................................................................................... 197 Results: Chapter 3 ..................................................................................................... 199 References ................................................................................................ 203 White Book 2: Part 1 iv