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circumstances, such as the place and nature of employment,
the place where the contract was made, the employee's
residence, and the employer's place of business.
*	 Civil Defense and Other Volunteers-Many states have
laws to compensate civil defense and other volunteer
workers, such as firefighters, injured in the line of duty.
Attention is called to these laws, but no attempt is made to
chart their provisions.
*	 Black Lung Act-The Federal Black Lung Act (Title IV
of the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969,
as amended in 1972, 1977, 1978, and 1981) provides
benefits for total disability or death caused by respiratory
illness attributable to coal mining (black lung disease). The
Act is administered by the Division of Coal Mine Workers'
Compensation of the U.S. Department of Labor's Office
of Workers' Compensation Programs and by the Social
Security Administration.
Monthly benefit rates range from $686 to $1,373, in
addition to annual cost-of-living adjustments (as of Jan. 1,
2020).
A Black Lung Disability Trust Fund, financed by an excise
tax on coal production, was set up by the 1978 amendments
to pay claims when the last employment was prior to 1970 or
where no responsible coal mine operator has been identified.

*	 Social Security Disability-The Federal Social Security
Disability program pays benefits on behalf of disabled
workers younger than age 65 whose disability is expected
to last a minimum of 12 months or to result in death.
A worker becomes eligible after a minimum period of
employment covered by Social Security, measured in
calendar quarters. There is a five-month waiting period.
Cash benefits are payable monthly based on wages in covered
employment, plus allowances for spouse and children. In
January 2020, the average monthly benefit was $1,258 for
disabled workers, which includes a 1.60% cost-of-living
increase based on the Consumer Price Index.
Benefits are paid out of the Disability Trust Fund, financed
from the federal Social Security tax.
On Oct. 25, 1999, the Social Security Administration revised
the medical criteria for determination of disability according
to 64 FR 46122.
Combined Social Security disability and workers'
compensation benefits may not exceed 80% of average
current earnings prior to disability. The Omnibus Budget
Reconciliation Act of 1991 requires that Social Security
disability benefits supplement workers' compensation unless
state law provided for a reverse offset on or before Feb. 18,
1981.

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